1. [Shibata Hurtig, 2007] [Sato, 1991] [Gilakjani, 2012] 1. 2. 2 44
3. /ɹ/ /ɹ/ car /k a ɹ / /k ɑː/ [Kubozono, Syntactic and rhythmic effects on downstop in Japanese, 1989] 45
4. inu neko H L 5. [Susumu, 1973] ( ) Kaki /kaꜜki/ HL /kakiꜜ/ LH Kaki-(ni) /kaꜜkini/ HL(L) /kakiꜜni/ LH(L) HL LH /kazoku/, /ani/, /gohan/ /katei/,/ane/, /shokuji/ 46
[Kubozono, Japanese Accent, 2008] ()( ) : Hz [Vendetti, 2005] 47
HL(L) LH(L) LH(H) [Kubozono, Japanese Accent, 2008] 5.1. N N+1 N 48
N+1 H(L) X X X L(H) 2 HL(L) LH(L) X X LH(H) 3 HLL(L) LHL(L) LHH(L) X LHH(H) 4 HLLL(L) LHLL(L) LHHL(L) LHHH(L) LHHH(H) 5 5.1.1. N1 N2 N2 N2 3 [Kubozono, Japanese Accent, 2008] (a)n2 (1) N2 (2) (3) N2 /neꜜko/ HL /manekineꜜko/ LHHHL /oyaneꜜko/ LHHL /ko/ H /maiꜜgo/ LHL /oya ꜜko/ LHL /iꜜro/ HL /orenjiiro/ LHHHH /chaiiro/ LHH Type2 Type3 (b)n2 (1)N2 N2 (2) N2 Type1 () Type1 () Type 2 N2 /otokoꜜ/ LHH /yukioꜜtoko/ HHLLL /ameoꜜtoko/ HHLLL /sakana/ LHH /yakizaꜜkana/ LHHLL /namazaꜜkana/ LHHLL /maꜜkura/ HLL /dakimaꜜkura/ HHHLL /hizamaꜜkura/ HHHLL 5.1.2. Antepenultimate Penultimate Final 96 2 2 49
3 Antipenultimate [Kubozono, Japanese Accent, 2008] 5.1.3. 29 71 49 51 93 7 ( ) 70 30 Antipe- nultimateantipenultimate 3 Antepenultimate Penultimate Final 59 33 9 96 2 2 95 2 3 83 12 5 3 3 Antipenultimate [Kubozono, Japanese Accent, 2008] 5.2. (1)(2) penultimate [] () 50
() 6. [Gilakjani, 2012] () [Sato, 1991] HARry was EATing a HAMburger at the PARty [Hirose, 2004] penultimate PREsent, EXport, geographic, revelation, SLENder, HAPpy 51
to present, to decide, to understand, to overflow 7. ( ) [Altmann, 2006] [, ] A B L1 L2 L2 L1 L2 L1 L2 [Ohata, 2004] 52
8. 2 1 2 1 1. a. 2. 3. 30 ( 3 ) 3 200 35 53
2 2 4 1 3 21 9 lab 2 40 54
5 30 30 High/Low F0 H/L praat F0 HL HL praat praat 1 55
praat F0 14% praat 4 VS 56
9. 1 114 127 5 2 42 50 3 3 32 101 5 4 37 87 5 5 89 92 4 6 54 58 2 7 21 62 3 8 96 125 5 9 25 32 3 10 68 78 3 11 45 32 1 12 39 84 4 13 55 54 2 14 19 79 4 15 27 92 5 16 26 70 3 57
17 31 98 5 18 14 85 5 19 42 47 1 20 19 46 3 21 22 43 3 22 44 51 3 23 29 69 3 24 38 45 2 25 60 49 4 26 70 98 1 27 92 104 5 28 14 25 5 29 26 60 5 30 31 72 3 31 26 27 5 32 22 50 5 33 58 69 4 34 28 26 2 35 18 40 4 18.8% 100 50 0 1 2 3 58
60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 52.3 59 6.7 43.8 45.8 2 100 50 0 1 3 5 7 9 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 4 32.7 57.3 24.6 47.2 68.9 21.7 200 100 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 59
200 100 0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 5 52.3 59 6.7 43.8 45.8 2 Attendance 1 2 3 4 5 Improvement Rate 5.2% 1.5% 18.9% 16.7% 28.8% 28.8% 5 4 2 25( 4 25 ) 2 Attendance 1 2 3 4 5 Improvement Rate 12.7% 4.2% 18.9% 25% 32.4% 1) (2 ) 2) 3) 10. 60
100% F0 11. 1 61
12. LHHL LHHH LHLH HLHL 62
13. Bibliography Altmann, H. (2006). The Perception and Production of second language stress: A Cross-Linguistic Exerimental Study. Delaware: University of Delaware Press. Gilakjani, A. P. (2012). The Significance of Pronounciation. English Language Teaching. Hirose, K. (2004). Accent Type Recognition of Japanese Using Perceived Mora Pitch Values and Its Use for Pronounciation Training System. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. Ishihara, S. (2011). A comparitive study on perception of foreign-accented Japanese by L" listeneres having different L1 backgrounds: English, CHinese and Indonesian. Kubozono, H. (1989). Syntactic and rhythmic effects on downstop in Japanese. Phonology, 39-67. Kubozono, H. (2008). Japanese Accent. In S. Miyagawa, & M. Saito, The Oxford handbook of Japanese Linguistics. Oxford: University of Oxford Press. Ohata, K. (2004). Phonological Differences between Japanese and English: Several Potentially Problematic Areas of Pronounciation for Japanese ESL/EFL Learners. Asian EFL Journal. Sato, C. J. (1991). Sociolinguistic variation and language attitudes in Hawaii. English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives, 647-663. Shibata, T., & Hurtig, R. (2007). Prosody acquisition by Japanese learners. In Understanding Second Language Process (pp. 176-203). Second Language Acquisition. Susumu, K. (1973). The structure of Japanese language. Cambridge: MIT Press. Vendetti, J. J. (2005). The J=ToBI Model of Japanese Intonation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. (n.d.).. :.. (n.d.).. :.. (n.d.).. :. 63