MPPC 18 2 16
MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter), MPPC T2K MPPC T2K (HPK) CPTA, MPPC T2K p,π T2K > 5 10 5 < 1MHz > 15% 200p.e. MIP 5p.e. p/π MPPC HPK MPPC
2 1 MPPC 5 1.1................................... 5 1.2 1............................ 5 1.3 MPPC............................. 7 1.4 MPPC........................... 8 2 T2K 10 2.1............... 10 2.2 T2K........................ 10 2.3 T2K....................... 11 2.4.......................... 12 2.4.1....................... 13 2.4.2........................... 13 2.5............................... 14 3 15 3.1........................... 15 3.2.......................... 16 3.3................................ 17 3.3.1 MPPC........................ 18 3.3.2............................... 18 3.3.3............................... 19 3.4............................ 22 3.4.1 MPPC............... 22 3.4.2............................... 23 3.4.3............................... 23 3.5......................... 25 3.5.1..................... 25 3.5.2............................... 26 3.5.3............................... 27 3.6 Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE)................ 27
3 3.6.1 PDE............................. 28 3.6.2 PDE.......................... 29 3.6.3 PDE.......................... 29 3.7......................... 30 3.7.1 MPPC................... 30 3.7.2............................... 30 3.7.3............................... 31 3.8 HPK400........................ 31 3.9........... 32 3.10........................... 32 4 40 4.1..................................... 40 4.2...................... 40 4.2.1 HPK100A.............................. 40 4.2.2 HPK100C.............................. 40 4.3................................ 41 4.4 HPK100A.................................. 41 4.4.1 ADC............... 41 4.4.2 1 Efficiency.................. 42 4.4.3 Gain Efficiency......... 43 4.5........... 44 5 48 5.1..................................... 48 5.2................................ 48 5.3 MPPC..................... 49 5.4................................... 53 5.5................................... 53 5.5.1 MPPC................ 53 5.5.2 MIP........................... 53 5.5.3 p/π........................... 56 5.6........................... 58 6 67 Bibliography 68 69
4 A 70 B 73 List of Figures 75 List of Tables 77
5 1 MPPC MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter) 1 MPPC MPPC 1.1 MPPC 1.1 ( 1 1mm 2 ) APD(Avalanche Photo Diode) MPPC APD APD 2 MPPC (30 70V) ( 10 6 ) 1.2 1 MPPC 1 APD APD(Avalanche Photo Diode) pn 1.2 APD APD - pn 1 SiPM(Silicon Photo Multiplier)
6 1 MPPC 1.1: MPPC 1 1mm 2 10 10 1.2: APD 1 1 200 10 6
1.3. MPPC 7 APD ([4]) MPPC 1 APD MPPC APD V MPPC 1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4, - p + n + ( ) 10 6 MPPC APD MPPC ( ) 1 C pixel V bias V bias R pixel V 0 Q pixel = C pixel (V bias V 0 ) C pixel R pixel ([2]) 1.3 MPPC MPPC ( 1 1mm 2 ) APD (Avalanche Photo Diode) MPPC ( ) MPPC
8 1 MPPC MPPC (p.e.) MPPC ( )Q MPPC Q MPPC = N Q pixel N 1.4 MPPC MPPC T2K ILC 2 2 MPPC PET(Positron Emission Tomography) MPPC PET NMR 3 MPPC T2K T2K MPPC 2 3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer
1.4. MPPC 9 1.3: 1.4: MPPC 1 1.5: 1.4 -
10 2 T2K T2K (T2K : Tokai to Kamioka) 50GeV µ 2009 T2K 2.1 1930 1956 1962 2000 LEP Z 3 3 0 1998 2.2 T2K J-PARC 50GeV 2 J-PARC 1 295km J-PARC
2.3. T2K 11 295km 2.3 T2K 280m on-axis off-axis 2 off-axis 1 off-axis 2.1 off-axis ( 2.1 FGDs),ECAL Pi-zero MPPC 2.1: off-axis
12 2 T2K 2.4 off-axis 2.2 3 2.2: T2K
2.4. 13 p/π 0.2T 2.4.1 1mm T2K 0.2T 200p.e. MIP 1 2.4.2 MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Countor) MPPC 1 Minimum Ionization Particle
14 2 T2K T2K (10 5 10 7 ), (30 70V ), MPPC T2K 2.5 MPPC PDE(Photon Detection Efficiency), T2K > 5 10 5, < 1MHz,PDE>PMT 75% + T2K MIP 5p.e. p/π MPPC
15 3 1 MPPC T2K MPPC (HPK) 4 HPK MPPC MPPC PDE(Photon Detection Efficiency), 3.1 HPK CPTA 3.1 HPK100A 100 12ns 70V HPK100B 100 40ns 70V HPK100C 100 60ns 50V HPK400 400 10ns 50V CPTA600 600 10ns 40V 3.1: 1p.e. HPK 100A 21-53-1A,100B 21-53-2A,100C 1-63-1A,400 1-32 HPK 100 HPK100A HPK100B R pixel ( C pixel R pixel ) C pixel HPK100C 2 5 1mm 2 HPK CPTA HPK CPTA
16 3 3.1(HPK400) 3.2(CPTA600) 3.1: HPK400 50µm 50µm 20 20 1mm 2 3.2: CPTA600 42µm 42µm 1mm 2 5 3.2 3.3 3.3: MPPC MPPC LED MPPC MPPC 3.4 3.4
3.3. 17 ( ) 1 1p.e. 2 (2p.e. ),3 (3p.e. ) MPPC MPPC MPPC ADC ( ) MPPC ADC 3.5 ADC ( ) ADC 45p.e. 2% MPPC ( 4 ) 3.4: MPPC 3.3 MPPC
18 3 3.5: MPPC LED ADC 3.3.1 MPPC MPPC 1 APD MPPC (G) = 1 (Q pixel) (e) 3.3.2 ( ) MPPC ADC p.e. 3.6 LED MPPC CAMAC ADC 0 4096 1ADC 0.25pC AMP HPK MPPC PMT ( 10) CPTA MPPC ( 77)
3.3. 19 H.V. MODEL C3350 LED NSPB500S 450 480nm ETAC HIFLEX FL211C -20 100 LED MPPC ADC 1p.e. ADC,MPPC 15,20,25 3.6: 3.3.3 3.7 3.7,4 2 10 5 7 10 6 HPK T2K (5 10 5 ) CPTA 0.1V 1 3.2 3.2 MPPC % 100mV 1 1 MPPC (G) (C pixel ), (V 0 ) G = Q pixel e = C pixel e (V bias V 0 ) (3.1)
20 3 3.7:
3.3. 21 ID G@ V=0.1 G@ T=1 HPK100A 7.5% 5% HPK100B 6.7% 5% HPK400 1.6% 1% CPTA600 3.8% 1% 3.2: (V) 0.1V (T) 1 (G) (%) Q pixel : e : V bias : 1 C pixel - dg/dv bias dg C pixel = e (3.2) dv bias ( ) T d T d = C pixel R pixel ln2 R pixel 1 T d HPK MPPC R pixel 1 C pixel C pixel = T d R pixel ln2 (3.3) - 3.3 - (3.2) (3.3) factor2 - (3.4) V 0 20 V 0 HPK100A : 70.2V HPK100B : 70.2V
22 3 ID C pixel [ff] by (3.2) C pixel [ff] by (3.3) R pixel [kω] HPK100A 240 295 42 HPK100B 214 334 147 HPK400 155 88 108 CPTA600 24 - - 3.3: HPK R pixel HPK HPK400 : 42.7V CPTA600 : 33.3V 3.4 MPPC 1 MPPC MPPC 1 MPPC 3.4.1 MPPC MPPC - - 1 ( ) MPPC 1 1p.e. 3.8 MPPC 3.8
3.4. 23 3.8: HPK100A 3.4.2 MPPC 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. 3.4.3 3.9 4 0.5p.e. threshold 10k 3MHz 1MHz T2K HPK400 15 25 2 HPK400 3 HPK400 threshold 1.5p.e. 2p.e. 2 1 2 2p.e. 1
24 3 3.9:
3.5. 25 ( ) 0.5p.e. threshold 1.5p.e. threshold ( ) 1p.e. 1p.e. 2p.e. 1p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 3.9 HPK100A 0.5p.e. threshold 1.5p.e. threshold 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 3.5 p/π MPPC 3.5.1 MPPC 1 1 0 0.3 1-100ns µs ( 100ns)
26 3 3.5.2 ADC 3.10 3.10: HPK400 ADC ADC 0p.e. 3.11 3.11 MPPC 0p.e. 3.12 0p.e. p.e. 0p.e. 3.12 1p.e 1p.e. 2p.e.
3.6. Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE) 27 3.11: HPK400 =1 1p.e. 1p.e. 1p.e. p.e. 1p.e. (4 17%) 3.5.3 3.13 2 0 40% 2 3.6 Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE) MPPC 20 PDE
28 3 3.12: HPK400 3.6.1 PDE PDE Photon Detection Efficiency 1 MPPC PDE 3 PDE = QE ɛ Geiger ɛ pixel QE MPPC 1-0.5 0.8 ɛ Geiger - 0.6 0.8 ɛ pixel ɛ pixel ɛ pixel 0.3 0.7
3.6. Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE) 29 3.6.2 PDE PDE 3.14 PDE efficiency MPPC 1/2 PMT PMT MPPC 1mm 2 MPPC PMT 2 CAMAC ADC ADC (p.e.) MPPC PMT H.V. PDE MPPC (p.e.) PDE ADC ADC (p.e.) MPPC (p.e.) CPTA MPPC ADC 1p.e PMT ( Mean)/ (p.e.) PDE 3.6.3 PDE PDE 3.15 PDE MPPC (p.e.) PDE = PMT (p.e.) 0.5p.e. threshold 3.15 ( ) PDE QE PDE ɛ Geiger HPK400
30 3 khz PMT 3.7 MPPC 20, 3.7.1 MPPC (p.e.) MPPC p.e. N p.e. ( ) =PDE N photon ( ) MPPC MPPC N p.e. MPPC N pixel MPPC m 1 N p.e. /m N p.e. /m 0 ( ) e Np.e. m,1 ( ) 1 e Np.e. m MPPC N pixel N pixel = m (1 exp( N p.e. )) (3.4) m 3.4 3.7.2 LED MPPC (p.e.) (p.e.) (p.e.) PDE PMT 3.14 LED (p.e.) PMT (p.e.) N pixel N p.e.
3.8. HPK400 31 MPPC N pixel (p.e.) 3.7.3 HPK100A 212kHz, 1% (p.e.)- (p.e.) 3.16 3.4 3.16 20p.e. 10%,50p.e 20% 3.8 HPK400 HPK400 48.2V 49.8V 49.3V 10kHz, 1% (p.e.)- (p.e.) 3.17 3.4 3.17 130p.e. 100 khz 400 1 3.17 65 400 65 0 HPK400 1
32 3 3.9 HPK100C 2 LED ( 3.18) 2 ADC 3.19 HPK100C 100, 60ns, 50V (4 ) 3.10 20 - -PDE 3.20 3.21 PDE PMT 1 T2K HPK100A,HPK100B 2 300kHz 1MHz T2K PDE HPK100A 70.8 71.8V,HPK100B 71.2 72.2V 1V HPK400 PDE CPTA600 PDE 400 T2K 2 1-63-1A
3.10. 33 3.13:
34 3 3.14: PDE 2
3.10. 35 3.15: PDE 20 PDE PMT 1
36 3 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3.16: HPK100A (p.e.)- (p.e.) 3.4 20
3.10. 37 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 3.17: HPK400 (p.e.)- (p.e.) 3.4 20 3.18: HPK100C LED 3.19: HPK100C LED ADC 2
38 3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 3.20: - :KPK100A, :HPK100B, :HPK400, :CPTA600 20 T2K
3.10. 39 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 3.21: -PDE :KPK100A, :HPK100B, :HPK400, :CPTA600 20 T2K
40 4 4.1 ( ) MPPC 1 MPPC 1 4.2 (HPK100A) (HPK100C) 2 4.2.1 HPK100A 1 Efficiency Gain Efficiency 4.2.2 HPK100C MPPC 2 ( 3 ) MPPC
4.3. 41 4.3 4.1 4.1: 10 20µm 100 MPPC 859nm 50ps 1µm CAMAC ADC MPPC 25 4.4 HPK100A 4.4.1 ADC 4.2 1 1p.e. ADC 4.3
42 4 Efficiency MPPC ADC Efficiency = 0.5p.e. Efficiency ADC 4.3 ADC 2p.e. 1 2p.e. 4.3 600kHz, 100ns, (600 10 3 ) (100 10 9 )=0.06 6% 2p.e. 1p.e. 6% ADC 2p.e. 4.2: HPK100A 1 (1p.e. ) 4.3: HPK100A ADC 4.4.2 1 Efficiency HPK100A 1 (100µm 100µm) 2 Efficiency 1 10µm 10 10
4.4. HPK100A 43 4.4 4.4 60µm 60µm efficiency HPK100A 1 70µm 70µm ( 4.5) 1 4.5: HPK100A 1 4.4: HPK100A 1 Efficiency 4.4.3 Gain Efficiency HPK100A Gain,Efficiency (10 10) 4.6 4.7 Efficiency,Gain 1 Efficiency : R.M.S. Mean =2.5% Gain : R.M.S. Mean =3.6%
44 4 4.6: HPK100A Efficiency 4.7: HPK100A Gain 4.5 HPK100C 2 MPPC ( 4.8) ADC ( 4.9) 2 10µm 1 1 1 1.5 (150µm 150µm) 10µm 15 15 ADC ( 4.9) = ( c1) (c1 c2) = ( c2) = c1 c2 4.10 HPK100C 1 70µm 70µm
4.5. 45 4.8: HPK100C 4.9: HPK100C ADC 4.10 1 HPK100C 2 LED 2 ( 4.11)
46 4 4.10: HPK100C 1.5 ( ), ( ), ( )
4.5. 47 4.11: HPK100C LED ADC
48 5 12GeV T1, +MPPC 5.1 T2K MPPC MIP 5p.e. p/π MPPC 5.2 5.1 4 MPPC 0.5GeV/c 1.4GeV/c 1.3cm 2.5cm 50cm
5.3. MPPC 49 5.1: (Wave Length Shifting fiber) Y11 1mmφ (MAPMT) 64ch 4ch MPPC HPK100A 4 CPTA600 4 MPPC CAMAC ADC MAPMT SciBar VME ([1]) TOF 4 TOF 100 13 18 5.3 MPPC 1mmφ MPPC 1mm 2 MPPC
50 5 5.2: HPK MPPC HPK MPPC 5.2 HPK MPPC 0.8mm HPK MPPC 0.8mm ( ) ( ) 5.3 5.3 MPPC MPPC MPPC (1mmφ) MPPC MPPC LED
5.3. MPPC 51 5.3: HPK MPPC MPPC ( ) 2 MPPC MPPC 20% HPK MPPC MPPC effective PDE effective PDE PDE 5.4 MPPC PMT HPK100A 4 ( 5.5) PMT MPPC(p.e.)/PMT(p.e.) PDE( 3.15) 50% CPTA MPPC
52 5 1/2 inch PMT on moving stage MPPC 00000 11111 WLS fiber 5.4: HPK100A effective PDE MPPC PMT 15, 1mm 2 5.5: HPK100A effective PDE PMT MPPC(p.e.)/PMT(p.e.) 15
5.4. 53 5.4 1 MPPC MIP 5p.e., MIP MPPC 1.2GeV/c MIP 1.2GeV/c TOF MIP MPPC ADC 2 MPPC p/π, (p.e.) (R.M.S/Mean) 0.5 1.2GeV/c MPPC ADC p/π 5.5 5.5.1 MPPC MPPC 5.6 4, MPPC 5.5.2 MIP MAPMT MIP(1.2GeV/c π) 18.0 ± 0.8p.e. 1 (p.e.) 5.7 MAPMT LED ADC 1p.e. MPPC MIP PDE MIP 5p.e. PDE T2K T2K HPK100A
54 5 5.6: MPPC 4ch HPK 100A 1MHz MPPC 2 ( 300kHz 500kHz ) MIP 4 MIP effective PDE ( 5.8) 5.8 effective PDE HPK100A MIP 5.9 15 560kHz ( Mean) 13.3p.e. 0.19 1p.e. 1+0.19 + 0.19 2 +0.19 3 +0.19 4 + = 1 1 0.19 =1.23(p.e.) (p.e.) 1.23 13.3 1.23 =10.8(p.e.)
5.5. 55 5.7: MIP MAPMT 5.9 5p.e. MPPC 4 300kHz 400kHz ( ) PDE 400kHz 1MHZ HPK100A CPTA600 HPK100A CPTA600 4 1MHz MIP 5.10 15 824kHz ( Mean) 22.0p.e. CPTA600 824kHz PDE 1.3 MIP (p.e.) MAPMT (18.0p.e.) PDE(1.3) = 23.4p.e. CPTA600 HPK100A PDE MIP 5p.e. T2K
56 5 5.8: HPK100A MIP 5.5.3 p/π 1 p/π 1 MAPMT ( 5.11) Mean R.M.S. 5.12 ([3]) HPK100A CPTA600 ( 5.13 5.14) HPK100A 560kHz CPTA600 824kHz, 15 MIP Mean R.M.S. ( 5.15, 5.16) MAPMT MPPC2 p/π p/π p/π = Mean(p) Mean(π) R.M.S(p)+R.M.S(π) MAPMT MPPC2 p/π 5.17 5.17 MPPC p/π MAPMT MAPMT MPPC 1
5.5. 57 5.9: MIP HPK100A 15 560kHz Mean 13.3p.e. HPK100A 50% p/π MIP 0.5GeV/c MPPC HPK100A 560kHz CPTA600 824kHz MAPMT MAPMT (p.e.)-mppc (p.e.) ( 5.18) MAPMT 5.18 MPPC 0.5GeV/c CPTA600 HPK100A 3 (MAPMT (p.e.)) 60p.e. 20%
58 5 5.10: MIP CPTA600 15 824kHz Mean 22.0p.e. 5.6 HPK100A CPTA600 HPK100A,CPTA600 400kHz 1MHZ MIP 2 p/π HPK100A,CPTA600 p/π MAPMT HPK100A 50% p/π CPTA600 MAPMT p/π MAPMT (p.e.) HPK100A 2 CPTA600 400kHz
5.6. 59 5.11: MAPMT
60 5 5.12: MAPMT R.M.S
5.6. 61 5.13: HPK100A
62 5 5.14: CPTA600
5.6. 63 5.15: HPK100A R.M.S
64 5 5.16: CPTA600 R.M.S
5.6. 65 5.17: p/π :HPK100A, :CPTA600, :MAPMT
66 5 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 5.18: MAPMT (p.e.)-mppc (p.e.) :CPTA600, :HPK100A
67 6 Multi Pixel Photon Counter(MPPC) T2K (HPK) CPTA MPPC PDE, 4 2 10 5 6 10 6, 10k 2MHz, 0 40%,PDE PMT 0.1 3 100 HPK100A 3.6%,Efficiency 2.5% MPPC HPK MPPC MPPC T2K p,π T2K MIP 5p.e. p/π HPK100A CPTA600 MPPC T2K HPK100A 200 400 HPK400 PDE,600 CPTA600 400 T2K HPK 400 PDE T2K MPPC T2K
68 [1].K2K,,,2003 [2] P.Buzhan et.al.,an advanced study of silicon photomultiplier, ICFA Instr.Bull. 23 (2001) 28-41. [3].K2K,,,2003 [4].J-PARC off-axis APD,,,2005
69 KEK, 2006 2
70 A 4 ADC 2 MPPC MPPC ADC 2p.e. = 1.5p.e. 0.5p.e. 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. 1 3 1 1 MPPC 1 A.1 A.1 4.4 1 (100µm 100µm) 10 10 4.4 Efficiency % % (10 10) A.2 A.2 Mean R.M.S =14.2%
71 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.3 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 1 2 3 4 1 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 A.1: HPK100A 1 ( 4.7) Efficiency ( 4.7) x 0 2,y 8 10 A.2 Efficiency Efficiency, 3 1
72 A 0.4 0.375 0.35 0.325 0.3 0.275 0.25 0.225 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 1 2 3 4 1 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 A.2: HPK100A
73 B HPK1-43 MPPC 45p.e. LED ADC B.1 ADC 500 400 300 200 100 0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 B.1: HPK1-43 LED ADC HPK1-43 100, 100ns 47.0 48.6V 2 10 7
74 B 500kHz 48.0 48.3V HPK100C 2 ( B.2) HPK100C HPK1-43 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 B.2: HPK1-43 LED ADC 2 HPK1-43 45p.e. 2 10 7 MPPC
75 1.1 MPPC............................... 6 1.2 APD............................ 6 1.3....................... 9 1.4 MPPC 1.................... 9 1.5 1.4 -........... 9 2.1 off-axis........................... 11 2.2..................... 12 3.1 HPK400........................ 16 3.2 CPTA600....................... 16 3.3 MPPC........................... 16 3.4 MPPC............................ 17 3.5 MPPC LED ADC................... 18 3.6......................... 19 3.7.............................. 20 3.8 HPK100A............. 23 3.9.......................... 24 3.10 HPK400 ADC................... 26 3.11 HPK400......... 27 3.12 HPK400..................................... 28 3.13...................... 33 3.14 PDE........................ 34 3.15 PDE.............................. 35 3.16 HPK100A (p.e.)- (p.e.)....... 36 3.17 HPK400 (p.e.)- (p.e.)........ 37 3.18 HPK100C LED................... 37 3.19 HPK100C LED ADC................. 37
76 B 3.20 -............. 38 3.21 -PDE.............. 39 4.1.................. 41 4.2 HPK100A................... 42 4.3 HPK100A ADC................. 42 4.4 HPK100A 1 Efficiency................ 43 4.5 HPK100A 1.......................... 43 4.6 HPK100A Efficiency............. 44 4.7 HPK100A Gain................ 44 4.8 HPK100C................... 45 4.9 HPK100C ADC.................. 45 4.10 HPK100C 1.5........ 46 4.11 HPK100C LED ADC.............................. 47 5.1....................... 49 5.2 HPK MPPC..................... 50 5.3 HPK MPPC..................................... 51 5.4 HPK100A effective PDE.... 52 5.5 HPK100A effective PDE........ 52 5.6 MPPC.................... 54 5.7 MIP MAPMT.................... 55 5.8 HPK100A MIP 56 5.9 MIP HPK100A..................... 57 5.10 MIP CPTA600..................... 58 5.11 MAPMT............. 59 5.12 MAPMT.................................... 60 5.13 HPK100A............. 61 5.14 CPTA600............. 62 5.15 HPK100A.................................... 63 5.16 CPTA600.................................... 64 5.17 p/π................. 65 5.18 MAPMT (p.e.)-mppc (p.e.)......... 66
77 A.1 HPK100A 1.......... 71 A.2 HPK100A.......... 72 B.1 HPK1-43 LED ADC... 73 B.2 HPK1-43 LED ADC... 74
78 3.1......................... 15 3.2 (V) 0.1V (T) 1 (G) (%)................................ 21 3.3.................. 22