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2 1 K O TO (J-PARC E14 ) BHCV K O TO J-PARC K L π ν ν BHCV BHCV K L π ν ν BHCV 99.5% BHCV CF 4 MWPC BHCV 99.8% BHCV
3 2 1 K O TO K L π ν ν BHCV( ) BHCV BHCV BHCV BHCV (CF 4 ) BHCV BHCV BHCV PMT
4 BHCV BHCV
5 4 1 K O TO K O TO(K at TOkai) J-PARC K O TO BHCV( ) 1.1 K O TO K L π ν ν K L π ν ν Wolfenstein η Wolfenstein η 1 η B K L π ν ν (MSSM) [1] K O TO 1.2 K L π ν ν K L π ν ν Br(KL π ν ν) = (2.49 ±.39) 1 11 (1.1) [2] K L π ν ν K L π ν ν (KEK) KEK-PS E391a Br(KL π ν ν) < (1.2) [3] 3 K O TO K O TO J-PARC J-PARC 1.1 3GeV K L 1.2 K O TO K L
6 1 K O TO 5 K L 1.1: J-PARC (J-PARC ) K O TO 5GeV 3GeV p KL 1.2: K O TO mm J-PARC 5GeV 16 K O TO 1 2 K O TO 2 ( 21m) 1.1 K L
7 1 K O TO 6 1.1: (.7 ) E (E >.1GeV) 2 MHz (E > 2MeV) 13 MHz K L 7 MHz K L Counts 7 Entries 1 6 Mean 1.73 RMS Momentum [GeV/c] 1.3: K L 2GeV Counts 5 1 Entries Mean RMS.8949 Counts Entries 1 Mean.5159 RMS Momentum [GeV/c] Momentum [GeV/c] 1.4: 1.5: K O TO K L π ν ν 2 K L π ν ν π 99% K L K L π ν ν
8 1 K O TO 7 1.2: K L [4] K L K L π ± e ν e π ± µ ν µ π π π π + π π π ± e ν e γ π + π π π γγ π ± µ ν µ γ π π ± e ν π + π γ e + e γ π 2γ e + e γγ µ + µ γ π + π e + e e + e e + e π γe + e µ + µ γγ µ + µ µ + µ e + e e + e K O TO 1.6 K L K L π ν ν K L ( Veto ) K L π ν ν [5] ν γ K L K L π γ K L ν 1.6: K O TO K L K L K L K O TO 1.7 CsI (CsI) (FB, MB) CsI CsI 2576 ( 1.8) 1.6 Veto CsI 2 (BCV, CV)
9 1 K O TO 8 BHCV K L 1.7: K O TO K L BHCV 2 K O TO KEK-PS E391a 1.8: CsI cm 3 CsI cm 3 CsI 1.4 BHCV( ) K L BHCV( :Beam Hole Charged Veto) K L 1.3 K L BHCV K L π +, π, µ +, µ, e +, e BHCV K L BHCV 11m (K O TO ) BHCV 2cm 2cm BHCV 1.9 π K L π ( 1.2) 1.1 BHCV
10 - - 1 K O TO 9 7Hz/cm MeV 7MeV 75MeV BHCV Number of Hits RMS Entries π + π e+ e- µ + µ Particle Name 1.9: BHCV π Hit Rate [Hz/cm 2 ] Y [mm ] X [mm] : BHCV X Y 126kHz 4cm K L
11 1 K O TO 1 Counts Entries Mean RMS RMS Momentum [MeV/c] (a) Counts Entries 3664 Mean 71.2 RMS Momentum [MeV/c] (b) Counts Entries 3699 Mean RMS RMS Momentum [MeV/c] (c) 1.11: BHCV (a)π ± (b)e ± (c)µ ± (a)916mev/c (b)71mev/c (c)749mev/c
12 11 2 BHCV K O TO K L π ν ν K L π ν ν K L π ν ν Veto K L π ν ν ( ) BHCV( ) 2.1 BHCV K O TO BHCV Geant4[6] K O TO Veto ( ) K L K L K L ABC... 1, 2,..., n Veto (CsI ) I 1, I 2,..., I n CsI 1, 2,..., m (x 1, p 1 ), (x 2, p 2 ),..., (x m, p m ) CsI 2 ( K L π ν ν ) 1, 2 CsI 2 (1 I 1 )(1 I 2 ) 2 CsI I 3 I 4... I n 3, 4,..., n Veto N sel K L ABC... N sel N BG (K L ABC... ) = N Br(K L ABC... ) (1 I j 1 )(1 Ij 2 )Ij 3 Ij 4... Ij n j (2.1) j=1 N K L Br(K L ABC... ) K L ABC...
13 2 BHCV 12 BHCV j 1, j 2,... I j1, I j2,... N BG (K L ABC... ) BHCV BHCV K L π + π π 2 ( 1.2) BHCV K L π + π π K L K L π + π π N BG (K L π + π π ) = I BHCV (2.2) I BHCV BHCV N sel BHCV 2 IBHCV 2 BHCV 11 I BHCV BHCV.2 I BHCV BHCV I BHCV < (2.3) 2.2 BHCV Veto K L K L π ν ν Veto K L π ν ν K O TO CsI 2 Veto BHCV T BHCV K L R BHCV BHCV T T 2.3 BHCV 2.3 R BHCV BHCV P AL = 1 exp{ R(T + τ)} (2.4)
14 2 BHCV 13 τ BHCV 2.1 BHCV BHCV T T τ 2.1: T 2.4 R T τ P AL BHCV R T τ BHCV Geant4[6] BHCV BHCV 11m (K O TO ) K L BHCV 2 BHCV 2.1 K L π + π π K L π + π π BHCV N in BHCV E E th N( E < E th ) E th N( E < E th ) N in = (2.5) K L ( ) BHCV E E th N( E > E th ) K O TO 2.2 PMT( ) 16
15 2 BHCV 14 3mm 2cm 2cm 2.2: BHCV (a) K L π + π π 2.5 E th = 41keV
16 2 BHCV 15 Counts Counts Deposit Energy [MeV] Deposit Energy [MeV] (a) (b ) Counts 3 25 Counts Deposit Energy [MeV] (c) Deposit Energy [MeV] (d) 2.3: BHCV (a)k L π + π π (b)k L (c) (d) E th = 41keV (a) (b) 2 2 (b) K L K L (c) (d) 2.1 R = 2.9MHz 2.1 K L
17 2 BHCV : BHCV E th = 41keV K L 1.8 MHz 1. MHz 13 khz 2.9 MHz BHCV BHCV 5mm 25µm 3µm 4 2cm CF4 2cm 2.4: BHCV MWPC( ) CF (a) K L π + π π 2.5 E th =.6keV
18 2 BHCV 17 Counts 3 Counts Deposit Energy [MeV] (a) Deposit Energy [MeV] (b) Counts 6 Counts Deposit Energy [MeV] (c) Deposit Energy [MeV] (d) 2.5: BHCV (a)k L π + π π (b)k L (c) (d) E th =.6keV (b) K L K L 2.2 R = 15kHz K L 2.2: BHCV E th =.6keV K L 27 khz 27 khz 98 khz 15 khz
19 2 BHCV K L BHCV ( ) BHCV T 2.1 K L π + π π t BHCV t BHCV = (BHCV ) (CsI ) (2.6) CsI 2 t BHCV 2.6 Counts 1 3 Entries 2554 Mean 2.92 RMS Time [ns] 2.6: K L π + π π BHCV ns τ 2ns T 2+1=3ns P AL = 1 exp{ R(T + τ)} = 1 exp{ 2.4MHz (3ns + 2ns)} = 14% (2.7) P AL = 1 exp{ 15kHz (T + τ)} < 14% (2.8) (T + τ) < 93ns T = τ + 1ns τ τ < 46ns 4 BHCV 2.3
20 2 BHCV 19 3
21 2 3 BHCV 3.1 ( ) (PMT) ( 3.1) PMT 3.1: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ( ) (5) (7)
22 3 21 (5) (6) 3.2 N e M P C e Q P C = em P C N e (3.1) PMT 1 λ n ph (λ) n ph (λ) A P MT (λ) PMT Γ P MT (λ) PMT M P MT Q GSP = em P MT M P C N e Γ P MT (λ)a P MT (λ)n ph (λ)dλ (3.2) Q GSP = M P MT Γ P MT (λ)a P MT (λ)n ph (λ)dλ (3.3) Q P C n ph (λ)dλ.1 A P MT (λ).1 Γ P MT (λ).2 M P MT 1 7 Q GSP Q P C 2 (3.4) PMT M P C N e ΓP MT A P MT n ph dλ 1 PMT Q GSP = M P C N e ΓP MT A P MT n ph dλ 1 N e M P C M P C N e
23 3 22 2in. PMT 2in. PMT 5mm 1mm SHV 1mm 5mm 3.2: PMT 3.3: 3.1: 5 cm 1 cm β 1 cm 3 µm.75 pf/cm PMT /4π 2.8% 3.4 PMT
24 3 23 T [%] λ n λ µ 3.4: ( ) PMT( R2256) PMT PMT β 5pF 2MΩ 1MΩ 1pF 1MΩ 1MΩ 1pF 3.5: 1µs
25 3 24 PMT 3.6: 9 Sr PMT -24V PMT M P MT cc/min 9 Sr β ( 2.28MeV) PMT Proportinal Counter Pre-Amp PMT PMT Discriminator Coincidence Shaping Amp Veto Gate & Delay Gate & Delay Stop Gate Gate CS ADC Output Reg. CAMAC PH ADC 3.7: ADC PMT ADC
26 ( ) ( ),BHCV 3.8 (a) (b) 3.8: Xe 24V (a) (b) ADC PMT (b) N M P C 1 λ n ph (λ) A cath (λ) E w = 2π c/λ pe Γ cath (λ) N 1 N 1 = N M P C λ<λ pe Γ cath (λ)a cath (λ)n ph (λ)dλ (3.5) T drift T drift M P C η = M P C Γ cath (λ)a cath (λ)n ph (λ)dλ (3.6) λ<λ pe 2 N 2 N 2 = N 1 η = N η 2
27 N 3 = N η 3, N 4 = N η 4,... η < 1 PMT T drift ( 3.8(b)) η : [17] [ev] [nm] Al C Fe λ pe = 25nm 3 Ar+N 2 Xe 2 λ pe ( ) 3.5 (Ar+N 2 ) (Xe) (CF 4 ) % 3.3: 1.4 mg/cm 3 2, 1 atm de/dx 2.4 kev/cm 2, 1 atm, MIP W 1 26 ev [7] 125 nm [8, 9], Ar µs [1] Ar 2 3.4:.81 mg/cm 3 2, 1 atm de/dx 2. kev/cm 2, 1 atm, MIP W 35 ev [7] nm [11, 12] 1 1
28 µs ( 3.6 ) 3.9: Ar 15V ADC PMT 1 4µs PMT % 1% 1% 2% PMT 3.12 N p.e. /N c.e. 3.2 Γ P MT A P MT n ph dλ N p.e. /N c.e. n ph [7] Number of Photoelectrons Ar:N2=1: Ar:N2=99:1 Ar:N2=98:2 Ar:N2=9:1 Ar:N2=8:2 Ar:N2=5:5 Ar:N2=: Anode Voltage [V] Collected Charge [fc] 3.11: 3.1: PMT Ar+N 2 Ar+N Ar:N2=1: Ar:N2=99:1 Ar:N2=98:2 Ar:N2=9:1 Ar:N2=8:2 Ar:N2=5:5 Ar:N2=: Anode Voltage [V]
29 3 28 Np.e./Nc.e Ar:N2=1: Ar:N2=99:1 Ar:N2=98:2 Ar:N2=9:1 Ar:N2=8:2 Ar:N2=5:5 Ar:N2=: Anode Voltage [V] 3.12: PMT N p.e. N c.e. Ar+N 2 2% 15V PMT 1 1 Q GSP /Q P C Q GSP = e ( ) 1 = Q P C 1fC % 3.5: 3. mg/cm 3 2, 1 atm de/dx 6.8 kev/cm 2, 1 atm, MIP W 22 ev [7] 175 nm [8, 9], Xe 2 1 ns [13] Xe µs BHCV
30 : Xe 17V ADC PMT 1 1µs PMT PMT 3.16 N p.e. /N c.e. 1 Number of Photoelectrons Collected Charge [fc] Anode Voltage [V] Anode Voltage [V] 3.14: PMT 3.15: Xe Xe
31 3 3 Np.e./Nc.e Anode Voltage [V] 3.16: PMT N p.e. N c.e. Xe (CF 4 ) (CF 4 ) CF CF % 3.6: CF mg/cm 3 2, 1 atm de/dx 6.7 kev/cm 2, 1 atm, MIP W 33 ev [16] 3 nm [14] 9 ns [15] ns (3.6 ) CF 4
32 : CF 4 29V ADC PMT 1 4ns PMT -16dB PMT (c) PMT
33 Entries 1 Mean 295 RMS Entries 1 Mean 448. RMS Number of Photoelectons (a) Collected Charge [fc] (b) PMT [a.u.] PC [a.u.] (c) 3.18: PMT CF 4 29V (a)pmt (b) (c)pmt PMT PMT PMT 3.21 N p.e. /N c.e. 1 4
34 3 33 Number of Photoelectrons Collected Charge [fc] Anode Voltage [V] Anode Voltage [V] 3.2: 3.19: PMT CF CF 4 4 Np.e./Nc.e Anode Voltage [V] 3.21: PMT N p.e. N c.e. CF 4 BHCV CF PMT PMT r E(r) E(r) = V a r ln(r c /r a ) (3.7) V a r c r a.5 3kV 4.3 1kV/cm
35 3 34 Electric Field [kv/cm] Va=.5kV Va=1kV Va=1.5kV Va=2kV Va=2.5kV Va=3kV Radius [cm] 3.22: V a kV/cm atm w Ar : w(e) =.3 [cm/µs] +.18 [cm 2 /kv µs]e (3.8) Xe : w(e) =.1 [cm/µs] +.92 [cm 2 /kv µs]e (3.9) CF 4 : w(e) = 3. [cm/µs] ln( [cm/kv]e) (3.1) 3.23: Ar [18] 45 Ar
36 : Xe [18] 3.25: CF 4 [19] r r a t(r) t(r) = r dr r a w(e(r )) (3.11) n n(t) n(t) = 2n w(e(r(t)))) (3.12) r(t) n(t) Ar CF 4
37 3 36 a.u. 1.8 Ar,Va=15V Xe,Va=17V a.u CF4,Va=29V Time [µs] Time [µs] 3.26: V a 3.27 Drift Time [µs] Ar Xe Anode Voltage [V] Drift Time [µs] CF Anode Voltage [V] 3.27:
38 37 4 BHCV BHCV 4.1 BHCV 2 BHCV 3 (1) (2) (3) ( ) (1) (2) [g/cm 2 ] (3) 3 BHCV 4.2 BHCV 4.1 BHCV 4.2 MWPC( ) PMT( )
39 第 4 章 BHCV 試作機の性能試験 38 2in. PMT 2in. PMT 石英ガラス 石英ガラス アルミナイズドマイラー ( カソード 4 mm アノードワイヤー ( 直径 3 µm 5 mm 5 mm 54 mm フィードスルー 石英ガラス 石英ガラス 2in. PMT 2in. PMT 正面断面図 側面断面図 図 4.1: BHCV 試作機の断面図 平行平板型 MWPC の上下に PMT が着いている (a) (b) 図 4.2: BHCV 試作機の写真 (a) 完成写真 (b) 内部の写真 アルミナイズドマイラーが光をよく反 射していることが見て取れる 試作機に電圧を印加したときに 内部にできる電気力線と等ポテンシャル面を図 4.3 に示す 荷電 粒子によって生成された電子は電気力線にそってドリフトし アノードに達する 各ワイヤーは自身 の上下 2.5mm の領域に生成された電子を収集する
40 4 BHCV 39 (a) (b) 4.3: 2V (a) (b) 3 Garfield [2] (1) 1 : (2) 5mm: (3) ( 25µm): (4) PMT : (4.4.2 ) (5) PMT : 4.1
41 4 BHCV 4 4.1: BHCV CF 4 5 cm 5cm 9.1 mg/cm 2 5 mm 9 3 µm 2.5 mm.1 pf/cm/ PMT1 /4π.61% PMT2 /4π.7% MWPC 4.4 1pF 1MΩ 1MΩ 1pF 2kΩ OPA355 Ch1 Ch2 1pF 1MΩ Ch9 H.V. 4.4: MWPC 9 2ns BHCV 1MeV 4MeV GeVγ (1) (2) (3)
42 4 BHCV 41 (4) : ( ) BHCV GeVγ STB ( ) 1.2GeV STB γ GeVγ GeVγ ( 4.5 RTAGX) BHCV : 4 6 MeV 4 cm / 9 s / 12 s ( ) 5 Hz/cm 2, 4 khz/cm
43 第 4 章 BHCV 試作機の性能試験 42 PMT1 試作機 1cm Ch1 陽電子ビーム Ch5 Ch9 プラスチック シンチレータ PMT2 図 4.6: ビームテストのセットアップの鉛直方向断面図 プラスチックシンチレータのコインシデン スをデータ取得のトリガーとした ビームは直径 4cm にひろがって入射しているが プラスチック シンチレータの高さは 1cm であるので この 1cm に入ったビームによるイベントのみが記録される PMT1 トリガー用 プラスチックシンチレータ 試作機 PMT2 トリガー用 プラスチックシンチレータ 図 4.7: ビームテストのセットアップの写真 試作機は光漏れを防ぐため マイラー窓やフランジ間 などをブラックテープとブラックシートで遮光している 右奥からビームが来る ビーム上流に置い た 2 つのプラスチックシンチレータは写っていない 上側の PMT を PMT1 下側の PMT を PMT2 と呼ぶことにする 試作機のアノードワ イヤーは上から MWPC Ch1 MWPC Ch9 と呼ぶことにする 中央のアノードワイヤーが MWPC Ch5 である 試作機のビーム上流側に 3 つ 下流側に 1 つのプラスチックシンチレータ (1cm 1cm, 厚さ 5mm) を配置した これらの信号のコインシデンスをデータ取得のトリガーとし た 試作機は水平方向を移動ステージで 鉛直方向を 1cm 厚のアクリル板の着脱により移動できる
44 4 BHCV 43 CF 4 6cc/min 4.8 PMT1 BHCV Prototype PMT PMT PMT PMT2 PMT Divider Pre-Amp. Discriminator Divider Inverting Trans. Divider Divider Veto Coincidence Attenuator Discriminator Discriminator Gate & Delay Gate & Delay Stop Gate Start Output Reg. CS ADC CAMAC TDC 4.8: Inverting Trans. CS ADC PMT 2 ADC Ch1 OP V PMT 5ns
45 4 BHCV 44 (a) (b) 4.9: 5Hz/cm 2 MWPC Ch5 (a) 27V (b) 3V ADC PMT1 MWPC Ch5 1 1ns 3.6 PMT PMT 1 1 CF 4 4ns ( 3.17) 3V ( 4.9(b)) PMT MWPC Hz/cm 2 4kHz/cm 2 PMT MWPC ( 3.21) N p.e. /N c.e. 1 PMT ( ) PMT 3 N p.e. /N c.e. 26V N p.e. /N c.e.
46 4 BHCV 45 Mean Number of Photoelectrons Rate: 5Hz/cm 2 Rate: 4kHz/cm Anode Voltage [V] Collected Charge [fc] Rate: 5Hz/cm 2 Rate: 4kHz/cm Anode Voltage [V] 4.1: PMT 4.11: MWPC PMT1 PMT2 MWPC Ch2 MWPC Ch9 MWPC Ch5 MWPC Ch5 Np.e./Nc.e Anode Voltage [V] 4.12: PMT N p.e. MWPC N c.e. 5Hz/cm 2 MWPC Ch PMT (MWPC Ch5 ) PMT MWPC 4.13 MWPC PMT 3.18(c)
47 4 BHCV : PMT MWPC 26V 5Hz/cm 2 PMT1 PMT2 MWPC Ch4 MWPC Ch5 MWPC Ch6 MWPC Ch5 MWPC 4.14 PMT1 PMT PMT
48 4 BHCV 47 PMT1 6mm 6mm Ch5 3µm.32mm PMT1 4.14: PMT1 PMT1 5mm 4.3(a) 4.14 PMT MWPC Ch4 PMT1-MWPC Ch4 PMT2-MWPC Ch4 PMT2 PMT1 MWPC Ch6 PMT1 PMT2 MWPC Ch5 PMT MWPC I PMT1 PMT2 N th I = (PMT1 PMT2 N th ) ( ) 26V PMT p.e. N th Hz/cm 2 26V 3p.e V 1 p.e. PMT PMT MWPC MWPC (4.1)
49 4 BHCV 48 Count 1 Entries Mean 1721 RMS Count PMT Sum [p.e.] PMT Sum [p.e.] 4.15: PMT 26V 5Hz/cm 2 PMT1 PMT2 Inefficiency p.e Threshold 1p.e Threshold 2p.e Threshold 3p.e Threshold Anode Voltage [V] 4.16: 5Hz/cm 2
50 4 BHCV 49 Counts MWPC Sum [fc] PMT Sum [p.e.] PMT Sum [p.e.] Counts MWPC Sum [fc] PMT Sum [p.e.] PMT Sum [p.e.] Counts MWPC Sum [fc ] PMT Sum [p.e.] PMT Sum [p.e.] Counts MWPC Sum [fc] PMT Sum [p.e. ] PMT Sum [p.e. ] 4.17: PMT PMT MWPC 5Hz/cm 2 24V 26V 28V 3V kHz/cm
51 4 BHCV 5 Inefficiency 1-2 1p.e Threshold 2p.e Threshold 1p.e Threshold 1-3 3p.e Threshold Anode Voltage [V] 4.18: 4kHz/cm Hz/cm 2 4kHz/cm 2 5kHz/cm 2 ( 2.2) cm cm< X <1.5cm X 1cm ( 4.1) BHCV 1cm
52 4 BHCV 51 Inefficiency X [cm] Y [cm] 4.19: 5Hz/cm 2 27V 1p.e. X ( ) Y (TDC ) 4.2 5ns 2.2 T ( ) + ( ) = 5ns + 5ns = 1ns 5 T Count 3 1 Entries Mean Entries Mean RMS RMS Count 3 1 Entries Entries Mean 3.8 Mean RMS 13. RMS Time [ns] (a) (b ) Time [ns] 4.2: 5Hz/cm 2 26V (a)pmt1 (b)pmt2 22ns Discriminator
53 52 5 BHCV 4 BHCV 5.1 BHCV BHCV 5.1 PMT PMT 5mm 25µm 3µm 4 2cm CF 4 2cm PMT 5.1: BHCV BHCV PMT ( 4.1) ( 5.1) =.9
54 5 BHCV : BHCV CF 4 2 cm 2cm 9.1 mg/cm 2 5 mm 4 3 µm 2.5 mm ( ) PMT /4π.59% PMT 26V 3p.e BHCV R 14kHz ( 2.2) T T = ( ) + ( ) +( τ) (5.1) T = 1ns + 5ns + 5ns = 11ns (5.2) P AL = 1 exp{ R(T + τ)} = 1 exp{ 15kHz (11ns + 5ns)} = 2.4% (5.3) P AL = 14% BHCV
55 54 6 K O TO (J-PARC E14 ) (BHCV) K O TO K L π + π π BHCV K L π ν ν BHCV BHCV BHCV BHCV
56 55 3 ROOT? K K SciBooNE 2 K O TO K L π ν ν
57 56 [1] A. J. Buras, T. Ewerth, S. Jager, and J. Rosiek, The Rare Decay K + π + ν ν at the Nextto-Leading Order and Beyond, Nucl. Phys. B (25) [2] F. Mescia and C. Smith, Improved estimates of rare K decay matrix elements from K l3 decays, Phys. Rev. D (27) [3] J. K. Ahn et al, Search for the Decay K L π ν ν, Phys. Rev. Lett (28) [4] W-M Yao et al, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys (26) [5], E14, (28) [6] J.Allison et al, Geant4 developments and applications, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci (26) [7] F.Sauli Principles of Operation of Multiwire Proportional and Drift Chambers, CERN 77-9 (1977) [8] Y.Tanaka, A. S. Jursa, and F. J. LeBlanc Continuous Emission Spectra of Rare Gases in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region. 2. Neon and Helium, J. Opt. Soc. Am (1957) [9] M. Suzuki and S. Kubota, Mechanism of Proportional Scintillation in Argon, Krypton and Xenon, Nucl. Instr. Meth (1979) [1] L. Colli, Ultraviolet Photons in the Decay of Metastable Argon Atoms, Phys. Rev (1953) [11] A. J. P. L. Policarpo, M. A. F. Alves and C. A. N. Conde, The Argon-Nitrogen Proportional Scintillation Counter, Nucl. Instr. and Meth (1967) [12] T. D. Strickler and E. T. Arakawa, Optical Emission from Argon Excited by Alpha Particles: Quenching Studies, J. Chem. Phys (1964) [13] J. W. Keto et al, Collisional Mixing of The Lowest Bound Molecular States in Xenon and Argon, Chem. Phys. Lett (1976) [14] L. C. Lee, Xiuyan Wang and Masako Suto, Fluorescence from extreme ultraviolet photoexcitation of CF 4, J. Chem. Phys (1986) [15] J. E. Hesser and K. Dressler, Radiative Lifetimes of Ultraviolet Emission Systems Excited in BF 3, CF 4, and SiF 4, J. Chem. Phys (1967) [16] R. Cooper and R. M. Mooring, Ionization Current Measurements in Gases Using An Internal Tritium β Source, Aust. J. Chem (1972)
58 57 [17] H. B. Michaelson, The work function of the elements and its periodicity, J. Appl. Phys (1977) [18] J. C. Bowe, Drift Velocity of Electrons in Nitrogen, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon, Phys. Rev (196) [19] J. Va vra et al, Measurement of electron drift parameters for helium, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A (1993) [2]
Mｏｔｔ散乱によるParity対称性の破れを検証
Mott Parity P2 Mott target Mott Parity Parity Γ = 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 t P P ),,, ( 3 2 1 0 1 γ γ γ γ γ γ ν ν µ µ = = Γ 1 : : : Γ P P P P x x P ν ν µ µ vector axial vector ν ν µ µ γ γ Γ ν γ
Muon Muon Muon lif
2005 2005 3 23 1 2 2 2 2.1 Muon.......................................... 2 2.2 Muon........................... 2 2.3................................. 3 2.4 Muon life time.........................................
W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge
![W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge](/thumbs/91/105929864.jpg "W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge")
22 2 24 W 1983 W ± Z 0 3 10 cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC 65000 18 ADC [ (µs)] = 0.0207[] 0.0151 (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ 2 2 1 20 µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (GeV) 2 G µ ( hc) 3 1 1 7 1.1.............................
1 1 (proton, p) (neutron, n) (uud), (udd) u ( ) d ( ) u d ( ) 1: 2: /2 1 0 ( ) ( 2) 0 (γ) 0 (g) ( fm) W Z 0 0 β( )
( ) TA 2234 oda@phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp TA (M1) 2161 sumi@epp.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp TA (M1) 2161 takada@epp.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp TA (M1) 2254 tanaka@epp.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp µ ( ) 1 2 1.1...............................................
Drift Chamber
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Introduction MPPC is new semiconductor photon sensor Technology is very similar to SiPM. Under development by Hamamatsu Photonics (HPK) MPPC have not
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27.2.9 TOF-SIMS SIMS TOF-SIMS SIMS Mass Spectrometer ABCDE + ABC+ DE + Primary Ions: 1 12 ions/cm 2 Molecular Fragmentation Region ABCDE ABCDE 1 15 atoms/cm 2 Molecular Desorption Region Why TOF-SIMS?
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