2005 13 2 156 169 2005 1) Brennan, Clark & Shaver (1998) 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 Bowlby (1973) Hill & Holmbeck (1986) Hollingworth (1928) 1 1 Craik (1943) Bowlby (1973) Bowlby Bowlby (1973) 2
157 Armsden & Greenberg (1987) 1 1 Bartholomew (1990) Bartholomew (model of others) (model of self) (secure) (preoccupied) (dismissing) (fearful) Bartholomew (1990) Griffin & Bartholomew (1994) (avoidant) (anxiety) (p. 431) Bartholomew (1990) Brennan, et al. (1998) Bartholomew (1990) 2 1 (Engels, Finkenauer, Meeus & Dekovic, 2001) (Laible, Carlo & Raffaelli, 2000) (Lapsley, Rice & FitzGerald, 1990; Samuolis, Layburn & Schiaffino, 2001) (Kenny, 1987; Lapsley, et al., 1990) (Kobak & Sceery, 1988) (Markiewicz, Doyle & Brendgen, 2001) Mikulincer, Florian & Tolmacz 1990 1 Berman & Sperling (1991) 3 3
158 13 2 1 Armsden & Greenberg (1987) 1 Larose & Boivin (1998) (1998) Bowlby (1973) (Simpson & Rholes, 1994) (1992) 1991 (1995) 2) 2 Armsden & Greenberg (1987) 2)
159 1 1187 496 18.44/SD.78 1 691 18.24/SD.83 2 628 306 322 2 559 190 369 628 1 2001 4 2 2001 6 7 559 2001 6 7 Bartholomew (1990) Brennan et al. (1998) 12 13 25 5 (1988) 8 6 6 7 4 (1996) 11 12 5 20 (1996).40 2 Griffin & Bartholomew (1994).45.30 Table 1 1 8 2 9 r.23(n 1187) 2 a a.87 a.83 2 3 r.65
160 13 2 Table 1 F1 F2 h 2 10.77.06.59 19.74.14.57 4.72.00.52 8.67.07.46 12.66.00.43 16.64.20.45 2.62.09.39 6.61.16.40 1.18.71.54 9.20.65.46 22.14.65.44 13.00.51.26 25.19.48.26 23.01.51.26 17.27.58.41 11.13.65.44 24.14.66.45 3.94 3.44 7.38 (%) 23.18 20.24 43.42 Table 2 0.59 0.40 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.01 0.41 0.33 0.28 0.18 0.30 0.02 * p.05, *** p.001 r.81 Griffin & Bartholomew (1994) Table 2 r.49(n 559) 3) (r.59, p.001)
161 3 (r.40, p.001) (r.11, p.05) (r.28, p.001) (r.30, p.001) (r.18, p.001) (r.41, p.001) / (r.33, p.001) (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) 3) Table 2 / 1 2 2 1 1 628 306 18.22/SD.51 322 18.08/SD.28 1 2 1 2001 4 6 7 1 2 1 5 1991 Hays & Oxley (1986) 8, 12 2
162 13 2 2 1 2 1 8 9 17 5 (1982) Rosenberg self-esteem 10 5 (1983) UCLA 20 4 (1994) 24 4 Table 3 F1 F2 F3.92.06.01.91.05.01.88.07.05.87.01.04.86.03.03.74.02.02.61.08.08.59.08.06.49.03.37.02.84.07.06.82.05.03.79.06.00.76.04 4 2.10.72.09.07.70.01.01.63.12.03.02.89.12.05.86.13.06.52.33.08.46.21.07.45 F1 F2 F3 F1 1.00 0.36 0.50 F2 0.36 1.00 0.25 F3 0.50 0.25 1.00
163 Table 4 3 1 2 1 2 31.93 ( 6.50) 31.73 ( 6.74) 28.93 ( 5.00) 28.81 (5.13) 0.01 41.72 2.14 32.08 ( 6.48) 31.88 ( 6.36) 29.03 ( 6.33) 28.60 (6.69) 35.81 ( 8.97) 35.74 (10.21) 41.89 ( 9.45) 40.69 (9.06) 14.05 55.01 2.80 38.49 (10.14) 38.84 ( 9.74) 44.28 (10.10) 43.31 (9.30) 20.41 ( 7.02) 18.80 ( 7.03) 23.23 ( 6.18) 20.39 (5.60) 2.02 46.56 79.60 18.74 ( 7.03) 17.02 ( 5.95) 23.39 ( 6.57) 20.93 (6.69) 1 2 20.74 ( 4.87) 21.97 ( 4.47) 21.36 ( 3.82) 22.12 (3.81) 4.60 6.06 62.29 19.49 ( 5.16) 20.78 ( 5.24) 20.83 ( 4.73) 22.11 (4.79) 2 1 11.82 ( 3.88) 12.04 ( 4.13) 13.12 ( 3.34) 13.25 (3.64) 0.39 26.52 6.24 11.70 ( 3.87) 12.17 ( 3.99) 13.30 ( 3.40) 13.75 (3.75) 2 1 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.21 0.29 4.25 0.07 0.03 0.08 4.15 4.81 0.27 1.04 0.71 1.91 0.62 1.24 0.04 0.37 0.01 p 05, p 001 1 1 3.40 Table 3 1 9 4) 2 a a.93 a.90 a.86 2 7 3 5.40 a a.94 a.90 a.82 4) 2. 2 (2) (2) (2) 3 (Table 4)
164 13 2 182 129 138 179 Figure 1 Figure 2 1 2 1 2 (F (1,624) 4.25, p.05; F(1,624) 4.15, p.05) 1 2 (Figure 1) 2 (Figure 2) 1 2 1 2 1 (F(1,626) 4.08, p.05) 1 2 (Figure 3) (F(1,624) 4.81, p.05) 3 (F(1,624) 41.72, p.001; F(1,624) 55.01, p.001; F(1,624) 46.56, p.001; F(1,624) 6.06, p.05; F(1,624) 26.52, p.001) (F(1,624) 14.05, p.001; F(1,624) 4.60, p.05) 3 (F(1,624) 79.60, p.001; F (1,624) 62.29, p.001; F(1,624) 6.24, p.05) 1 2
165 Figure 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 (1991) 3 7 4 5 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
166 13 2 1992 2. (Markiewicz, et al., 2001) (Lapsley, et al., 1990) Brennan & Bosson (1998) Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) Griffin & Bartholomew (1994) Brennan & Bosson (1998) Brennan & Bosson (1998)
167 (Bowlby, 1973) (Trinke & Bartholomew, 1997) Brennan & Bosson (1998) Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) Larose & Boivin (1998) Berman & Sperling (1991) 3 Brennan et al. (1998) Bartholomew (1990) 4 Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) Bartholomew (1990) 4 1 2 Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. 1987 The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427 454. Bartholomew, K. 1990 avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147 178. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. 1991 Attachment style among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226 244. Berman, W. H., & Sperling, M. B. 1991 Parental attachment and emotional distress in the transition to college. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 427 440.
168 13 2 Bowlby, J. 1973 Attachment and loss. Vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books. 1977 II Brennan, K. A. & Bosson, J. K. 1998 Attachment style differences in attitudes toward and reactions to feedback from romantic partners: An exploration of the relational bases of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 699 714. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. 1998 Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes, (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. New York: Guilford. Pp. 46 76. Craik, K. 1943 The nature of explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Engels, R. C. M. E., Finkenauer, C., Meeus, W., & Dekovic, M. 2001 Parental attachment and adolescents emotional adjustment: The associations with social skills and relational competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 428 439. Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. 1994 Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430 445. Hays, R. B., & Oxley, D. 1986 Social network development and functioning during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 305 313. Hill, J. P., & Holmbeck, G. N. 1986 Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. In G. J. Whitehurst (Ed.), Annals of child development. Vol. 3. Grenwich, CT: JAI. Pp. 145 189. Hollingworth, L. S. 1928 The psychology of the adolescence. New York: Appleton. Kenny, M. E. 1987 The extent and function of parental attachment among first-year college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 17 29. Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. 1988 Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135 146. 1991 S. Pp. 152 178. 1992 40, 348 358. 1994 29, 137 152. 1983 (I) 22, 99 108. Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. 2000 The differential relations of parent and peer attachment to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 45 59. Lapsley, D. K., Rice, K. G., & FitzGerald, D. P. 1990 Adolescent attachment, identity, and adjustment to college: Implications for the continuity of adaptation hypothesis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 561 565. Larose, S., & Boivin, M. 1998 Attachment to parents, social support expectations, and socioemotional adjustment during the high school-college transition. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 1 27. Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Brendgen, M. 2001 The quality of adolescent s interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 429 445. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Tolmacz, R. 1990 Attachment styles and fear of personal death: A case of affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 273 280. 1991 S. Pp. 179 204. 1988 36, 258 263. 1996 44, 11 22. Samuolis, J., Layburn, K., & Schiaffino, K. M. 2001 Identity development and attachment to parents in college student. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 373 384. 1998 41, 30 56. Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. 1994 Stress and secure base relationships in adulthood. In K. bartholomew, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships. Vol. 5. London: Jessica Kingsley. Pp. 181 204. Trinke, S. J., & Bartholomew, K. 1997 Hierarchies of attachment relationships in young adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 603 625. 1995
169 8, 31 40. 1982 30, 64 68. 2004. 2. 23 2004. 10. 30 Attachment to Parents and Adjustment to Transition in Young Adulthood Tomomi NIWA Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2005, Vol. 13 NO. 2, 156 169 The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure attachment to parents, and to examine the role of the attachment in adjustment to transitional stress. Brennan, Clark & Shaver (1998) proposed two attachment facets of anxiety and avoidance, and in this study, a scale intended to tap the two toward parents was constructed. In Study 1, attachment to parents, self-acceptance, and parent-child relationship were examined. Factor analysis revealed two factors in the attachment: Anxiety to Attachment and Avoidance of Attachment. Two subscales corresponding to the factors showed good reliability and validity. In Study 2, the role of the attachment in social environmental adjustment was examined through a short-term longitudinal study, focusing on school transition. Attachment to parents, self-esteem, loneliness, and college life anxiety of first-year students were measured. Results revealed that those high on Anxiety to Attachment showed larger increases in loneliness and apprehension toward interpersonal relationship between two time periods than the low. The findings suggested that those who were low on the Anxiety were able to cope better with stress arising from loneliness and apprehension toward interpersonal relationship. Key words: attachment to parents, adjustment process, social environmental transition, stress