2006 14 3 281 292 2006 1,2) 378 2 2 (1) (2) 4 3) (1) Hazan & Shaver (1987) (p. 513) (2) Bowlby (1969) (p. 207) (e.g., Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998 Hazan & Shaver (1987) (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978) 1) 65 2) 3) e.g., 2001
282 14 3 2001 (IWM; Internal working models) (Bowlby, 1969) (Brennan et al., 1998) e.g., 2003 3 4 2003 4 2 2 (e.g., Brennan et al., 1998) (Avoidance) (Anxiety) 4 2 4 4) 2 (Fraley & Spieker, 2003) (Bowlby, 1969) 2 6 Brennan & Shaver, 1995; Collins & Feeney, 2000; Fraley, Davis & Shaver, 1998; Fraley & Shaver, 1998; 2005, 2006 4) 4 2 (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Brennan et al., 1998(1) (Secure) (2) (Dismissing) (3) (Preoccupied) (4) (Fearful) IWM IWM 5) (safe haven) (e.g., Collins & Feeney, 2000) (Bowlby, 1969) 2 6 (e.g., Mikulincer, Florian & Weller, 1993)
283 5) Fraley & Shaver (1998) Fraley & Shaver (1998) 6 Brennan & Shaver (1995) Fraley et al. (1998) Fraley & Shaver (1998) (goal-corrected partnership) (Bowlby, 1969) (security) e.g., 2 1 1 6 IWM
284 14 3 (Brennan et al., 1998) (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) 2005 4 1-1 6 6 1-2 2-1 2-1 4 (e.g., Fraley & Spieker, 2003) 378 18.9 SD 1.17; 104 269 5 i.e., i.e., e.g., (e.g., Weiss, 1982) (Bowlby, 1969) e.g., 2 2 the Experiences in Close Relationships inventory Brennan et al., 1998, ECR 2004 6) 36 7 1 7 6)
285 ECR (2004) 4 4 Relationship Questionnaire Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991, RQ 1999 RQ 4 (1999) (2004) 4 7 4 1 RQ 1 AABS: Adult Attachment Behaviors Scale AABS 26 Table 1 AABS 7) 2 2006 191 2001 191 2001 e.g., 7) AABS 2006 (e.g., Weiss, 1982) 2006
286 14 3 Table 1 AABS a) F1 F2 F3 F4 F1: a.90 2.55(1.30) b) 2.63(1.28) 2.50(1.32) 01..80.04.02.09 02..80.02.07.12 03..78.05.03.13 04..78.03.11.15 05..75.09.06.13 06..67.04.07.07 F2: a.85 3.47(1.26) 3.54(1.22) 3.43(1.28) 07..10.86.07.03 08..13.77.02.05 09..01.70.11.02 10..12.68.08.06 11..05.61.08.11 12..21.55.03.10 F3: a.77 3.86(1.33) 3.81(1.43) 3.87(1.30) 13..17.11.70.01 14..16.02.68.18 15..08 01.56.06 16..01.01.54.10 17..03.09.52.23 F4: a.84 4.66(1.46) 4.33(1.38) 4.77(1.48) 18..04.05.10.95 19..08.01.01.69 20..06.05.24.58 21..05.05.27.51 F1 F2 F3 F4 F2.36 F3.34.03 F4.11.27.61 a) AABS 2005 1 Table 1 b) (SD) t F4 (t(367) 2.60, p.01)
287 12 8) 1 Table 1 AABS 7 1 7 AABS AABS AABS 26 2 3.40 4 21 (Table 1) 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 53.62% a (Table 1) F1 F2 F1 8) 12 AABS 12 2005 F2 2 F3 F4 (F3) (F4) AABS 4 t SD Table 1 F4 (t(367) 2.60, p.01 F4 9) 2 1-1 2-1 (2004) ECR 2 2 (r.06, ns.) 6 ECR AABS 9) F4
288 14 3 Table 2 ECR AABS a) b) r b R R 2 F F1: (O).01.01.36.13 F (2, 371) 28.12** (S).36**.36** F2: (O).22**.20**.38.15 F (2, 371) 31.97** (S).33**.31** F3: (O).34**.35**.41.16 F (2, 371) 36.59** (S).21**.23** F4: c) (O).57**.58**.59.34 F (2, 371) 98.65** (S).11*.14** (O).59**.58**.63.39 F (2, 100) 33.07** (S).27**.14** (O).57**.58**.58.33 F (2, 263) 67.06** (S).05.08** a) r b R 2 ** p.01, * p.05 b) O S O S 4 c) N 103 N 266 (Table 2) 1-1 F3 F4 2-1 F1 F2 F2 F3 (Table 2) F2 F3 4 2 4 1-2 2-2 AABS 4 RQ 4 4 Tukey HSD (Table 3) 1-2 F3 F4 F4 2-2 F1 F2
289 a) b) Table 3 RQ AABS (SD) (N 94) (N 19) (N 176) (N 79) c) F F1: M 2.23 b 2.33 ab 2.79 a 2.46 ab F (3, 364) 4.40** (SD) (1.19) (1.27) (1.37) (1.22) F2: M 2.95 b 3.40 ab 3.67 a 3.58 a F (3, 364) 7.41** (SD) (1.04) (1.16) (1.31) (1.24) F3: M 4.11 a 3.03 b 4.06 a 3.29 b F (3, 364) 10.35** (SD) (1.32) (1.31) (1.27) (1.30) F4: M 5.13 a 3.36 b 4.94 a 3.73 b F (3, 364) 25.27** (SD) (1.22) (1.13) (1.33) (1.52) M 4.78 a 2.93 b 4.78 a 3.36 b F (3, 97 ) 11.87** (SD) (1.19) (0.97) (1.23) (1.30) M 5.30 a 3.64 bc 4.99 ac 3.80 b F (3, 258) 15.84** (SD) (1.22) (1.21) (1.37) (1.54) a) Tukey HSD 5% e.g., a b a bc e.g., a a b bc ** p.01 F1 F3 (SD) b) 28 10 44 19 65 7 131 59 5 c) 4 2 4 F2 F1 (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) 1-2 2-2 2 4 4 2 2 (1) (2) (1) 6
290 14 3 IWM (Brennan et al., 1998) e.g.,, 2 1 (hypervigilant) (e.g., Mikulincer, Florian & Tolmacz, 1990) 2 (Brennan et al., 1998) i.e., 4 (1) (2) (3) (4) (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) 1 (e.g., Feeney, 1999; Kobak, 1994) 2 3 (1) (2) 2 F1 (e.g., Kato, 1995)
291 Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. 1978 Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. 1991 Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226 244. Bowlby, J. 1969/1982 Attachment and loss. Vol. 1. Attachment. England: Penguin Books. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. 1998 Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. NY: The Guilford Press. Pp. 46 76. Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. 1995 Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 267 283. Collins, N., & Feeney, B. C. 2000 A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1053 1073. Feeney, J. A. 1999 Adult romantic attachment and couple relationships. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. NY: The Gulford Press. Pp. 355 377. Fraley, R. C., Davis, K. E., & Shaver, P. R. 1998 Dismissingavoidance and the defensive organization of emotion, cognition, and behavior. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. NY: The Guilford Press. Pp. 249 279. Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. 1998 Airport separations: A naturalistic study of adult attachment dynamics in separating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1198 1212. Fraley, R. C., & Spieker, S. J. 2003 An infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? Developmental Psychology, 39, 387 404. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. 1987 Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511 524. 2005 14, 1 16. Kato, K. 1995 An analysis of amae processes and interactions: A review and a proposal of process models. Journal of Cognitive Processes and Experiencing, 4, 1 26. 1999 Bartholomew 4 RQ 7, 41 50 Kobak, R. 1994 Adult attachment: A personality or relationship construct? Psychological Inquiry, 5, 42 44. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Tolmacz, R. 1990 Attachment styles and fear of personal death: A case study of affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 273 280. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. 1993 Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 817 826. 2001 2, 99 106 2003 4 3 4, 55 65 2004 5, 19 27 2005 6, 9 20 2006 4 7, 9 19. Weiss, R. S. 1982 Attachment in adult life. In C. M. Parkes, & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior. NY: Basic Books. Pp. 171 184. 2005. 7. 20 2005. 12. 27
292 14 3 Adult Attachment Styles Reflect Differences in the Patterns of Attachment Behavior Tatsuma NAKAO and Kazuo KATO Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2006, VOL. 14 NO. 3, 281 292 This study examined validity of the theoretical assumption that adult attachment researchers have implicitly held: Adult attachment styles reflected corresponding patterns of attachment behavior in adults. A questionnaire, including adult attachment style scales and Adult Attachment Behavior Scale, which we developed for this study, was administered to 378 undergraduates. Main findings were as follows: When adult attachment behavior was classified into Direct type, which expressed security seed directly, and Indirect type, which expressed security need indirectly, due to over-preoccupation with appropriate adjustment of psychological distance between self and others, low Avoidance participants engaged more frequently in Direct attachment behavior, whereas high Anxiety participants engaged more frequently in Indirect behavior. These results were also found in the analysis using 4-category attachment styles. The findings were interpreted to demonstrate validity of the implicit assumption described above. Key words: patterns of attachment behavior, attachment style, adult, Adult Attachment Behavior Scale