United Somali Congress; Siad Barre (1) (2) (3) - 1 -
(1) (2) - 2 -
(4) (3) Kevin M. Cahill, ed., A Framework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters, Rev. and updated., New York: Routledge, 1999; Jennifer Leaning, et al., eds., Humanitarian Crises: the Medical and Public Health Response, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999; Kimberly A. Maynard, Healing Communities in Conflict: International Assistance in Complex Emergencies, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999; Jonathan Moore, ed., Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998; Thomas G. Weiss, and Cindy Collins, Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention: World Politics and the Dilemmas of Help, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2000. - 3 -
(5) (6) (4) (5) (6) impartiality - 4 -
(7) (8) (7) neutrality (8) forced migration - 5 -
Darod Marehan (9) Isaaq Somali National Movement; (10) (11) (12) Hawiye United Somali Congress; (9) Rahanwein Digil Isaaq Darod Dir Hawiye (10) Mohamed Sahnoun, Somalia : the Missed Opportunities, Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994, pp. 5-6. (11) (12) - 6 -
(13) Ali Mahdi Mohammed Farah Aideed (14) Kismayu (13) Mohamed Sahnoun, Somalia : the Missed Opportunities, pp. 8-9. (14) - 7 -
(15) (16) United Nations Somalia Operation; Consolidated inter-agency 90-day Plan of Action for Emergency Humanitarian Assistance to Somalia) (17) Mohamed Sahnoun the magnitude of the human tragedy (15) Mohamed Sahnoun, Somalia : the Missed Opportunities, pp. 8-9. (16) S/RES/733(1992), 23 January 1992. (17) S/RES/751(1992), 24 April 1992; S/23839/Add.1, 21 April 1992. - 8 -
(18) all necessary means (19) United Task Force; Operation Restore Hope (20) (21) (18) (19) S/RES/794(1992), 3 December 1992. (20) S/24976, 17 December 1992.; S/25126, 19 January 1993. (21) S/RES/814(1993), 26 March 1993. - 9 -
(22) Jonathan T. Howe (23) (24) (22) S/RES/837(1993), 6 June 1993. (23) African Rights (Organization), Somalia : Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces, London: African Rights, 1993. - 10 -
(25) Jubba Shabelle Bantu Benadir Ranhanweyn (24) UNDPI, The United Nations and Somalia, 1992-1996, pp. 51-54. (25) UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 1993, New York: Penguin Books, 1993, p. 149. - 11 -
(26) Baidoa (27) International Medical Corps (28) (26) Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes : Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, African issues, London: African Rights & the International African Institute in association with James Currey Oxford & Indiana University Press Bloomington, 1997, pp. 163-166; Andrew S. Natsios, "Humanitarin Relief Intervention in Somalia : The Economics of Chaos," in Walter S. Clarke and Jeffrey Ira Herbst, eds., Learning from Somalia : the Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997, pp. 78-80. (27) Michael J. Toole, "The Public-Health Consequences of Inaction," in Kevin M. Cahill, ed., A Framework for Survival : Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters, New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 18. (28) Mohamed Sahnoun, Somalia : the Missed Opportunities, p. 18. - 12 -
(29) (30) (29) Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 168. (30) Mohamed Sahnoun, Somalia : the Missed Opportunities, p. 2. - 13 -
(31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (31) Ibid., p. 3. (32) Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 169. (33) (34) Andrew S. Natsios, "Humanitarin Relief Intervention in Somalia," p. 84. - 14 -
(36) (37) (35) Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 170; Mohamed Sahnoun, Somalia : the Missed Opportunities, p. 38. (36) Andrew S. Natsios, "Humanitarin Relief Intervention in Somalia," p. 83. (37) African Rights, Somalia : Operation Restore Hope : A Preliminary Assessment, London: African Rights, 1993, p. 4. Ismat Kittani (Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes, pp. 183-184; S/24859, 27 November 1992-15 -
(38) (39) (38) Mohamed Sahnoun, Somalia : the Missed Opportunities, p. 37. (39) CARE monetization programme, "Cereal Prices in South Mogadishu (Somali shillings per kg)", quoted in African Rights, Somalia : Operation Restore Hope, p. 9. - 16 -
(40) (41) (40) African Rights, Somalia : Operation Restore Hope, pp. 10-11. - 17 -
(42) (43) (41) Frederick C. Cuny, and Richard B. Hill, Famine, Conflict, and Response : A Basic Guide, West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 1999, pp. 76-86. (42) (43) Andrew S. Natsios, "Humanitarin Relief Intervention in Somalia : The Economics of Chaos," pp. 86-92. - 18 -
(44) (45) (46) (44) Ibid. (45) Ibid. (46) Andrew S. Natsios, Humanitarin Relief Intervention in Somalia : The Economics of Chaos, in Learning from Somalia : the Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, Walter S. Clarke and Jeffrey Ira Herbst, Editors. 1997, Westview Press: Boulder, Colo., pp. 88-89. - 19 -
Quick Impact Projects (47) (48) (49) (47) John Kirkby, et al., "Field Report : UNHCR's Cross Border Operations in Somalia : The Value of Quick Impact Projects for Refugee Resettlement," Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1997), pp. 181-198. (48) UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 1993, p. 117. - 20 -
(49) African Rights, Somalia : Operation Restore Hope, p. 5. - 21 -