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20 : PAROS
1 2 3 ICJ de facto 1957 11 COPUOS: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer SpaceCOPUOS 1959 4 5 COPUOS 5 4 1 2 6 7 3
1967 1967 99 1967 1968 1983 89 1972 1972 1983 83 1975 1976 1983 45 1979 1984 11 1982 1986 1992 1996 1963 1963 1965 125 1972 ABM ABM Treaty: Treaty between the USA and the USSR on the Limitation of Anti-ballistic Missile Systems1972 2002 1991 START I START I Treaty: Treaty between the USA and the USSR on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms 1990 CFE CFE Treaty: Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 6 4 1959 24 67 5 1148 6
1928 1 1945 2 4 1980 2003 11 7 1856 1856 1886 25 1907 1910 1912 44 1899 1907 1910 1912 30 1977 1978 1982 69 1909 1922 1994 8 1899 7 USAF (2003). 8 1994 1995 1997
1 1 4 1967 4 4 exclusively for peaceful purposes 2.2 1979 10 3 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 4 1977 1 1 2 9 9 1 (a) 1 (b) (c)
2.1 4 (i) (ii) (i) (ii) 1959 1 2.1 2 (i) (ii)
1 3 9 i 10 subsequent practices 11 2 1956 2 1959 1 1967 1 1 1972 1 2 10 1982 88 1960 i 1955 7 IGY: International Geophysical Year 12 1957 1 1 10 21 See, e.g., USAF (2004). 111969 31 (b) 12 1957 18 IGY 64 13 1
ii 1 1957 10 1 11 1148 XII exclusively for peaceful purposes 1 13 1958 9 peaceful = non-military 12 1348 XIII ad hoccopuos 1959 7 COPUOS 12 1472 XIV COPUOS COPUOS iii 1960 1960 Discoverer SAMOS MIDAS 62 COPUOS 14 1960 51 13 Vlasic (1991) p.39. 14 8 USACDA (1963) p.871.
1962 1 15 1960 COPUOS 1960 A/AC.105/C.1/PR.66, p.12a AC105 105 COPUOS C.1 PR A/AC.105/C.2/ PR.63, p.56c.2 (A/AC.105/C.2/PR.62, p.11) (A/AC.105/C.2/PR71, p.62)a/ac.105/c.2/pr.70, pp.49-50 (A/AC.105/ C.2/PR70, p.11)1966 8 4 (A/C.1/SR.1492, p.4) ( A/ AC.105/C.2/PR70, pp.32-35) A/C.1/SR.1493, p.16sr A/AC.105/C.1/SR.1493, p.13 1960 2 151971 152
COPUOS 16 4 i 2 4 51 17 ii 51 4 peaceful=non-aggressive 16 1928 17 2 4 39 42 3 53 2 107
1972 ABM 2002 15 2 ABM ABM space-based ABM 5 1 ABM ABM ABM ABM ABM D ABM 4 ABM 4 18 1978 1 120 CD: Committee on Disarmament CD 1984 CD: Conference on Disarmament CD 1985 1994 PAROS: Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space 4 65 CD 95 NPT: Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (CTBT: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty) 18 10 18 NPT
CTBT CD FMCT: Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty FMCT PAROS PAROS CD PAROS CD 1 PAROS 2 PAROS 3 PAROS 4 PAROS 5 CD PAROS 19 CD PAROS 1994 10 PAROS 1.1 CD PAROS CD OECD 20 19 GARes.49/72 (1995) GA Res 49/72 49 72, GARes 50/69 (1996), GARes51/44 (1997), GA Res 52/37(1998), GARes 53/76 (1999), GARes 52/53 (2000), GARes 55/32 (2001) PAROS 2000 20 Alves (1991) p.60.
21 2004 8 22 23 6 passive 24 (i) (ii) 1980 1990 CD 2 CD CD defensive offensive, passive active militarization weaponization militarization weaponization weaponization militarization 25 i PAROS 31 1 a b 21 Ibid., p.61. 22 Press Document, 26 August 2004, "China and Russia Present New Contributions to Conference on Banning Weapons in Outer Space." 23 Ibid. 24 CD/PV.958 (3 June, 2004), p.9. 25 See, e.g., CD/1281 (1994) esp., para.32.; CD1569 (1999) ; CD/1576 (1999) see, Alves 1991, Chap.1.
c 3 4 ASAT: Anti-Satellite 1 31 3 4 26 4 ii PAROS PAROS 2000 CD/1606 2003 CD/1679 PAROS 1979 4 a. b. c. 27 PAROS 26 Ibid. 27 Alves (1991) pp.89-91.
4 or any type of space weapons 28 ASAT ASAT ASAT ASAT 29 ASAT ASAT 30 4 i 1975 31 32 a. b. c. d. e. 2 4 2 2 8 2004 3 COPUOS 4 OOSA: Office for Outer Space Affairs 28 See, e.g., CD/PV398 (1987); CD/939 (1989). 29 See, e.g., CD/807 (1988); CD/548 (1990). 30 CD/PV486 (1989). 31 32a state which procures the launching 4 1 c (a)1 1 2 2
ii ISMA 3.3 ( )a Code of Conduct, Rule of the Road 33 iii 1978 ISMA 34 1986 PAXSAT PAXSAT A 35 21 2002 PAXSAT B 36 CD PAROS PAROS CD 1 1970 i NTM 1972 ABM 1 2 1 33 See, e.g., CD/937(1989); CD/PV486 (1989). 34 Alves (1991) pp.107-124. 35 Osborn (1987) pp.89-100. 36 CSA 2002
--- 12 NTM: National Technical Means of Verification SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I1972-1979 5 NTM INF: Intermediate INF Treaty: Treaty between the USA and the USSR on the Elimination of their Intermediate-range and Shorter-range Missiles1987 12 1991 START I 9 1993 START II NTM 1990 CFE 15 1 --- --- 2 1 NTM ii a. ISMA 1970 1978 37 1978 ISMA: International Satellite Monitoring Agency ISMA 38 ISMA 1981 39 ISMA 40 b. ISMA CD ISMA SPOT LANDSAT 1 3 37 Ushioda(=Aoki), (1992), p.177. 38 UN Doc. A/S-10/AC.1/7 (1978). 39 UN Doc. A/AC.206/14 (1981). 40 Ushioda(=Aoki) (1992) Chapter V., pp.201-252.
1991 WEU: Western European Union 41 WEU SPOT HELIOS 1995 WEU WEU iii ASAT 2 ASAT ASAT ASAT ASAT ASAT ASAT SIPRI Defense News 1970 3 1971 6 1976 1977 7 1978 1 1979 2 1980 1981 3 1982 2 ASAT ASAT 1985 1986 ASAT 42 MIRACL: Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser 43 1997 10 MIRACL 1996 MSTI-3 44 ASAT 41 WEU 1991 EU J.4 2 421999 187 43 Pike (2002), p.626. 44 W.J.Broad, "Military is hoping to test-fire laser against satellite," New York Times (1 Sept. 1997).
BMD: Ballistic Missile Defense 1988 3 1989 9 1990 18 1991 7 1992 1 1990 BMD 45 BMD ASAT ASAT RMA 1990 46 RMA: Revolution in Military Affairs 47 1991 RMA 48 RMA 2 2 1 1986 SPOT 1990 2 5 49 2 NRO: National Reconnaisance Office 451999 187 462000 57-58 47MTR: Military Technology RevolutionMTR MTR RMA 2001 48 Nye, Jr. & Owens (1996) pp.20-35. 49 Janani & Perry 1982 pp.46-47 & Appendix-3.
NIMA National Imaging and Mapping Agency 200 50 51 1997 52 53 24 GPS Global Positionng System 2000 5 SA: Selective Availability 54 GPS GPS GPS 55 RMA 4 ASAT 1.3 A B ASAT B
C C A B
2 1999 1997 RMA 21 27 4 2000 3 52 2004 4 RMA2001 Pericles Gasparini Alves, Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space:A Guide to the Discussions in the Conference on Disarmament, (Geneva:UNIDIR,1991). W.J.Broad, Military is hoping to test-fire laser against satellite, New York Times (1 Sept. 1997). B.Janani & G. E. Perry, Military Activities in Outer Space, B. Jasani.ed., Outer Space: A New Dimension of the Arms Race (London:Taylor& Francis, 1982). O'Manique, ed., A Proxy for Trust: Views on the Verification Issue in Arms Control and Disarmament Negotiations (Ottawa: The Norman Patterson School of International Affairs, 1987). Joseph S. Nye, Jr. & William A. Owens, America's Information Edge, Foreign Affairs, vol.75, No.2 (April, 1996). John Pike, The Military Uses of Outer Space, in SIPRI Yearbook 2002: Armaments, Disarmament and international Security (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2002). USAF, The U.S. Air Force Transformation Flight Plan (Washington: GPO, 2003). USAF, Counter Operations (Air Force Document 2-2.1, August 2004). United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Documents on Disarmament 1962 (Washington, D.C.:GPO, 1963). Setsuko Ushioda (=Aoki), Satellite-Based Multilateral Arms Control Verification Schemes and International Law (Doctoral Dissertation)(Montreal: McGill Univ., 1992). Ivan A. Vlasic, The Legal Aspects of Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, in Bhupendra Jasani, ed., Peafecul and Non-Peaceful Uses of Outer Space :Problems of Definition for the Prevention of Arms Race (London:Taylor & Francis, 1991). Loring Wirbel, Star Wars: US Tools of Space Spremacy (London: Pluto Press, 2004).
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