第1章 本研究の目的
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2 1 1 (1) 1 (2) (1) 6 (2) 7 ) Greer 7 ) Verschaffel 9 (3) (1) 16 (2) 17 (3) 19 (4)Verschaffel 20 (5) (1) 24 ) 24 ) 24 ) 26 (2) 26 ) 26 ) 31
3 (1) 33 ) 34 ) ) 40 ) (2) 43 ) 43 ) 53 ) (1) 70 (2) (1999) (1996)
4 (%) (1995) 1
5 (p.232) (1998) (1997) 1-2 2
6 ( 1-2) (%) (%) p.17 (1990)
7 % 54.5% p (1993) 4
8 (p.27) Greer(1997) 5
9 (1) Verschaffel (1997a) John p
10 (2) )Greer Greer(1993) p m 2 1.5m p
11 p John 0.64 Mary John 2 Mary 60g g g g g g g g g 500g 600g p245 8
12 John 250g Mary 2 500g 1.20 John 200g250g 2 Mary 400g500g )Verschaffel Verschaffel (1997a) p Greer(1993) 9
13 Carl Georges Carl 9 Georges 12 Carl Georges p584 Carl Georges (1997 ) 15 p p584 10
14 Greer(1993) Sven p Sven 200m 216 Greer(1993) Greer(1993) Verschaffel (1997a) 2-1 ( 2-1) Greer(1993) Verschaffel (1997a)
15 (3) Greer1993Verschaffel 1994Verschaffel 1997b Reusser 1997Yoshida Verscaffel (1997b) 6 Greer(1993) Greer(1993) Verschaffel (1994) Verschaffel (1994) Verschaffel (1997b) Verschaffel (1997b) Verschaffel (1994)
16 Reusser (1997) Reusser (1997) Verschaffel (1994) Yoshida (1997) Yoshida (1997) Verschaffel (1994) (2000) (2000) Verschaffel (1994)
17 Carl Georges Carl 9 Georges 12 Carl Georges Rob Steve Bruce Alice Bruce 17kmAlice 8km Bruce Alice John 100m 17 1km cm C John 64p Mary John 2 Mary 14
18 Greer A-2 Greer(1993) Greer 2-3 Greer (1993) Verschaffel (1994) Verschaffel (1997b) Reusser (1997) Yoshida (1997) (2000)
19 (1) (1983) (1) (2) (3) (4) (p.120) p
20 (1) (1) (p.120) (2) (1999) (p.4) (1993)
21 p.27 (1999) A.Pinker(1981) MO M O M O M O (p.4) (1999)
22 2-4(1999p.5) Type [] [] [] [] (1983) (3) (1997) (p.434)
23 p.434 (4)Verschaffel Verschaffel (1997a) () () () () () 20
24 ()() (5) (1996) 5 () () () () () 2 ()() 21
25 p.11 22
26
27 3 (1) 2 1 Verschaffel (1997a) Greer(1993) ) )
28 cm 9cm cm 8cm, 7cm x cm (10x) cm 8cm 7c x cm 9 x cm 2cm
29 ) (2) ) ( 91) ( 41) 2 0(0) 2 17( 53) 1( 3) 2( 6) 1( 3) 0( 0) 1( 3) 0( 0) 32(100) 32(100)
30 ( 78) 6.5 8( 25) 7 2( 6) 7 14( 44) 6 0( 0) 6 3( 9) 6 5 1( 3) 5( 16) 3( 9) 0( 0) 1( 3) 0( 0) 2( 6) 32(100) 32(100)
31 ( 34) 8.5 8( 25) 9 3( 9) 2 6( 19) 9 1( 3) 8 1( 3) 2( 6) 3( 9) ( 16) 8( 25) 11( 34) 5( 16) 32(100) 32(100) x x x
32 ( 67) 2 1( 8) 9 1( 8) 8 1( 8) 8 5 1( 8) 12(100) cm 9cm 11( 34) 0( 0) 1cm 10( 31) 1( 3) 9cm 3( 9) 17( 53) 3( 9) 8( 25) 4( 13) 3( 9) 1( 3) 3( 9) 32(100) 32(100) 3 (x8)(x2)7 x x19 1cm 9cm 0( 0) 9cm 12(100) 12(100) x
33 9cm ( 59) ( 50) 4( 13) 11( 34) (2 ) (1 ) (1 ) (3 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 3( 9) 3( 9) 6( 19) 2( 6) 32(100) 32(100) A B 5 12( 38) 15 1( 3) 1( 3) 7( 22) 15 1( 3) 7( 22) 9( 28) 0( 0) 1( 3) 12( 38) 13( 41) 32(100) 32(100) 30
34 x ( 25) 3( 75) 4(100) x x15 ) / 5618 / / / / / 27 Saljo(1991)
35
36 Verschaffel (1997a) (p.598)
37 ) )
38 m 400m 50g
39 [1] [2] CD 10 CD 1 6 CD CD CD CD km 1000km 100km [3] 100m
40 [4] 100km 70km 100km g 80 50g g g g g g g g g 850 [5] 2km km1km 1km2km 2km3km 3km4km 4km 37
41 t v (m/) v 10 t (1) 2 m (2) 200 [6] O AOBBOCCOD30 ABCD B AO P C AO Q PQ OQ m m [7] PQOQ PQOQ PQOQ 38
42 (1996) % % p p.225 5(x2)7y3 9y4(xy)32 2 ( x + 1) + 6( x + 1) 16 = 0 39
43 A 1-2B 1-3A 1-3B A 2-2B 2-3A 2-3B 1 [1] [1] [1] [1] 2 [2] [2] [2] [2] 3 [4] [5] [4] [5] 4 [3] [3] [3] [3] 5 [6] [7] [6] [7]
44 A 1-2B 1-3A 1-3B 2-2A 2-2B 2-3A 2-3B
45 A B A B A B 100km m 42
46 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 2km3km 3km4km [6] [7] (2)
47 A B A B 3-21(2 ) (%) (%) 7 31( 76) 2 37( 90) 6.5 3( 7) 5 1( 2) 4 2( 4) 3( 7) 5 1( 2) 41(100) 0( 0) 4( 10) 41(100) 7 22( 51) 2 40( 93) 6.5 7( 16) 3 1( 2) 6 6( 14) 2( 5) 66 2( 5) 43(100) 4( 9) 2( 5) 43(100) ( 5) 345 8( 20) 31 () 2( 5) 4 () 3( 7) 3 () 1( 2) 1( 2) () 5 () 1( 2) 19 1( 2) 5 () 16( 42) 31 25( 61) ( 12) 29 4( 10) 3 () 2( 5) 33 1( 2) 4 () 1( 2) 32 1( 2) 35 1( 2) 24 1( 2) 3( 7) 0( 0) 41(100) 3( 7) 41(100) ( 9) 345 7( 16) 3 () 5( 12) 2( 5) () 5 () 2( 5) 7 32( 74) 4 () 1( 2) 17 2( 5) 5 () 18( 42) 8 1( 2) ( 12) 1( 2) 4 () 2( 5) 1( 2) 35 1( 2) 43(100) 2( 5) 43(100) 44
48 A B (%) (%) 0( 0) 24 31( 76) 25( 61) 4 1( 2) 96 1( 2) 14( 34) 195 1( 2) 1( 2) 1( 2) 1( 2) 6( 15) 41(100) 41(100) 10 2( 5) 32( 74) 4( 10) 1( 2) 10( 23) () 10 17( 40) 0( 0) 2 3( 7) 1( 2) 6 1( 2) 43(100) 2( 5) 13( 30) 43(100) 17( 42) 30( 73) 30 6( 15) 8( 20) 3 1( 2) 15 2( 5) 0( 0) 10 6( 15) 3( 7) 1( 2) 41(100) 8( 20) 41(100) 200 6( 14) 3( 7) ( 65) 14( 33) 600 4( 9) 8( 10) 250 2( 5) 7( 16) 1( 2) 4( 10) 2( 5) 3( 7) 43(100) 2( 5) 1( 2) 1( 2) 43(100) 45
49 (%) (%) 2( 5) () 5( 12) 2000m/s 23( 56) 200m/s 1( 2) 24( 59) 400m/s 1( 2) 1( 2) 7( 17) 13( 32) 41(100) 5( 12) 41(100) 40m 0( 0) PQ<OQ 12( 28) 30m 32( 77) PQ=OQ 28( 65) 60m 3( 7) PQ>OQ 1( 2) 20m 1( 2) 2( 5) 1( 2) 43(100) 6( 14) 43(100) 46
50 A B A B (%) (%) 7 39( 80) 2 46( 94) 6 4( 8) 0( 0) 65 1( 2) 3( 6) 0.7 1( 2) 49(100) 2( 4) 2( 4) 49(100) 7 36( 75) 2 46( 96) 6 5( 10) 1 1( 2) 6.5 4( 8) 1.7 1( 2) 65 1( 2) 0( 0) 25 1( 2) 48(100) 0( 0) 1( 2) 48(100) ( 8) ( 33) ( 8) 3 () 5( 10) 4 () 1( 2) 2( 4) () 5 () 1( 2) 19 1( 2) 5 () 15( 31) 31 30( 61) ( 8) 29 2( 4) 3 () 3( 6) 33 1( 2) 4 () 1( 2) 32 1( 2) 2 1( 2) 2( 4) 2( 4) 2( 4) 49(100) 49(100) ( 19) ( 35) 3 () 5( 10) 2( 4) () 5 () 3( 6) ( 2) 5 () 15( 31) 7 33( 67) ( 15) 8 2( 4) 4 () 1( 2) 0( 0) 0( 0) 1( 2) 48(100) 48(100) 47
51 A B (%) (%) 0( 0) 24 37( 76) 4 3( 6) 96 1( 2) 33( 67) 11( 23) 1( 2) 4( 8) 7( 15) 1( 2) 49(100) 49(100) 10 5( 10) 39( 81) 4( 8) 2( 4) 8( 17) () 10 19( 40) 1( 2) 2 4( 8) 0( 0) 4 3( 6) 48(100) 1( 2) 10( 21) 48(100) 26( 53) 22( 45) 30 5( 10) 18( 37) 3 3( 6) 15 3( 6) 7( 14) 40 1( 2) 2( 4) 2( 4) 49(100) 9( 18) 49(100) ( 27) 8( 17) ( 56) 10( 21) 240 2( 4) 10( 21) 160 2( 4) 9( 19) 80 1( 2) 8( 17) 0( 0) 3( 6) 3( 6) 0( 0) 48(100) 48(100) 48
52 (%) (%) 0( 0) 2000m/s 21( 43) 16( 33) 200m/s 1( 2) 5( 10) 21( 43) 22( 45) 49(100) 5( 10) 7( 14) 49(100) 40m 2( 4) PQ<OQ 6( 13) 30m 36( 75) PQ=OQ 41( 85) 60m 3( 6) PQ>OQ 1( 2) 15m 3( 6) 0( 0) 0( 0) 48(100) 4( 8) 48(100)
53 ( 76) 6( 15) 4( 10) 37( 90) 1( 2) 3( 7) 22( 51) 15( 35) 6( 14) 40( 93) 1( 2) 2( 5) 6( 15) 32( 78) 3( 7) 13( 32) 25( 61) 3( 7) 6( 14) 35( 81) 2( 5) 15( 35) 26( 60) 2( 5) 0( 0) 34( 83) 7( 17) 25( 61) 14( 34) 2( 5) 7( 16) 21( 49) 15( 35) 32( 74) 10( 23) 1( 2) 17( 41) 15( 37) 9( 22) 30( 73) 8( 20) 3( 7) 6( 14) 34( 79) 3( 7) 3( 7) 39( 91) 1( 2) 2( 5) 25( 61) 14( 34) 5( 12) 31( 76) 5( 12) 0( 0) 36( 84) 7( 16) 12( 28) 29( 67) 2( 5) ( 80) 6( 12) 4( 8) 46( 94) 0( 0) 3( 6) 36( 75) 11( 23) 1( 2) 46( 96) 2( 4) 0( 0) 11( 22) 34( 69) 4( 8) 23( 47) 24( 49) 2( 4) 12( 25) 35( 73) 1( 2) 25( 52) 23( 48) 0( 0) 0( 0) 41( 84) 8( 16) 33( 67) 11( 22) 5( 10) 11( 23) 26( 54) 11( 23) 39( 81) 8( 17) 1( 2) 26( 53) 12( 24) 11( 22) 22( 45) 25( 51) 2( 4) 13( 27) 32( 67) 3( 6) 8( 17) 40( 83) 0( 0) 0( 0) 22( 45) 27( 55) 16( 33) 26( 53) 7( 14) 2( 4) 42( 88) 4( 8) 6( 13) 42( 88) 0( 0)
54 % Ⅰ AⅠ BⅡ AⅡ BⅢ AⅢ B Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ 問 題 現 実 的 に 解 答 現 実 世 界 の 知 3-12 % Ⅰ AⅠ BⅡ AⅡ BⅢ AⅢ B Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ 問 題 現 実 的 に 解 答 現 実 世 界 の 知
55 % Ⅰ A Ⅰ B Ⅱ A Ⅱ B ⅢA ⅢB Ⅳ 現実的な解答の割合 ( 棒グラフ ) 現実世界の知識の保有率
56 R 1 U R R1 R0 1 0 R0 U1 U
57 R1 U1 R0 U0 () () () () () 30( 73) 5( 12) 0( 0) 1( 2) 5( 12) 22( 51) 13( 30) 0( 0) 1( 2) 7( 16) 3( 7) 10( 24) 3( 7) 20( 49) 5( 12) 4( 9) 11( 26) 2( 5) 22( 51) 4( 9) 0( 0) 24( 59) 0( 0) 10( 24) 7( 17) 6( 14) 16( 37) 1( 2) 4( 9) 16( 37) 13(32) 10( 24) 3( 7) 5( 12) 10( 24) 1( 2) 2( 5) 5( 12) 31( 72) 4( 9) 0( 0) 4( 10) 2( 5) 20( 49) 15( 37) 0( 0) 10( 23) 0( 0) 25( 58) 8( 19) R1 U1 R0 U0 () () () () () 36( 73) 6( 12) 0( 0) 0( 0) 7( 14) 35( 73) 10( 21) 1( 2) 1( 2) 1( 2) 7( 14) 14( 29) 4( 8) 18( 37) 6( 12) 10( 21) 14( 29) 2( 4) 21( 44) 1( 2) 0( 0) 28( 57) 0( 0) 10( 20) 11( 22) 7( 15) 22( 46) 4( 8) 3( 6) 12( 25) 13(27) 5( 10) 13( 27) 7( 14) 11( 22) 3( 6) 5( 10) 10( 21) 27( 56) 3( 6) 0( 0) 10( 20) 0( 0) 12( 24) 27( 55) 0( 0) 6( 13) 2( 4) 36( 75) 4( 8)
58 R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U %
59 R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U % R U %
60 3-5 R1 U1U0 100 % R U % R U % R U
61
62 3-6 59
63 % 43% 3 42% 28%
64 3-322, (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 19 14( 74) 3( 16) 2( 11) 17( 89) 0( 0) 2( 11) 22 17( 77) 3( 14) 2( 9) 20( 91) 1( 5) 1( 5) 15 9( 60) 5( 33) 1( 7) 14( 93) 0( 0) 1( 7) 28 13( 46) 10( 36) 5( 18) 26( 93) 1( 4) 1( 4) 19 2( 11) 16( 84) 1( 5) 9( 47) 8( 42) 2( 11) 22 4( 18) 16( 73) 2( 9) 4( 18) 17( 77) 1( 5) 15 3( 20) 12( 80) 0( 0) 4( 27) 10( 67) 1( 7) 28 3( 11) 23( 82) 2( 7) 11( 39) 16( 57) 1( 4) 19 0( 0) 17( 89) 2( 11) 12( 63) 6( 32) 1( 5) 22 0( 0) 17( 77) 5( 23) 13( 59) 8( 36) 1( 5) 15 3( 20) 10( 67) 2( 13) 11( 73) 3( 20) 1( 7) 28 4( 14) 11( 39) 13( 46) 21( 75) 7( 25) 0( 0) 19 8( 42) 7( 37) 4( 21) 15( 79) 2( 11) 2( 11) 22 9( 41) 8( 36) 5( 23) 15( 68) 6( 27) 1( 5) 15 3( 20) 12( 80) 0( 0) 0( 0) 14( 93) 1( 7) 28 3( 11) 22( 79) 3( 11) 3( 11) 25( 89) 0( 0) 19 1( 5) 14( 74) 4( 21) 4( 21) 12( 63) 3( 16) 22 1( 5) 11( 50) 10( 45) 1( 5) 19( 86) 2( 9) 15 0( 0) 14( 93) 1( 7) 5( 33) 9( 60) 1( 7) 28 0( 0) 22( 79) 6( 21) 7( 25) 20( 71) 1( 4) 61
65 3-333, (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 29 24( 83) 3( 10) 2( 7) 27( 93) 0( 0) 2( 7) 20 15( 75) 3( 15) 2( 10) 19( 95) 0( 0) 1( 5) 27 22( 81) 5( 19) 0( 0) 26( 96) 1( 4) 0( 0) 21 14( 67) 6( 29) 1( 5) 20( 95) 1( 5) 0( 0) 29 7( 24) 21( 72) 1( 3) 17( 59) 12( 41) 0( 0) 20 4( 20) 13( 65) 3( 15) 6( 30) 12( 60) 2( 10) 27 10( 37) 16( 59) 1( 4) 16( 59) 11( 41) 0( 0) 21 2( 10) 19( 90) 0( 0) 9( 43) 12( 57) 0( 0) 29 0( 0) 26( 90) 3( 10) 21( 72) 6( 21) 2( 7) 20 0( 0) 15( 75) 5( 25) 12( 60) 5( 25) 3( 15) 27 11( 41) 12( 44) 4( 15) 21( 78) 6( 22) 0( 0) 21 0( 0) 14( 67) 7( 33) 18( 86) 2( 10) 1( 5) 29 18( 62) 8( 28) 3( 10) 15( 52) 13( 45) 1( 3) 20 8( 40) 4( 20) 8( 40) 7( 35) 12( 60) 1( 5) 27 13( 48) 14( 52) 0( 0) 6( 22) 21( 78) 0( 0) 21 0( 0) 18( 86) 3( 14) 2( 10) 19( 90) 0( 0) 29 0( 0) 15( 52) 14( 48) 9( 31) 18( 62) 2( 7) 20 0( 0) 7( 35) 13( 65) 7( 35) 8( 40) 5( 25) 27 1( 4) 24( 89) 2( 7) 4( 15) 23( 85) 0( 0) 21 1( 5) 18( 86) 2( 10) 2( 10) 19( 90) 0( 0) 62
66 % Ⅰ A Ⅰ B Ⅱ A Ⅱ B ⅢA ⅢB Ⅳ 現実的な解答の割合 ( 棒グラフ ) 現実世界の知識の保有率 3-72 % Ⅰ A Ⅰ B Ⅱ A Ⅱ B ⅢA ⅢB Ⅳ 現実的な解答の割合 ( 棒グラフ ) 現実世界の知識の保有率
67 2 3 64
68 p.84 D 1992p.80 KE 1992p.90 O 1992p.84 G 1992 p.88 KY 1992p.83 65
69 T 1992 p.93 KE (1992) p () KE (p.86p.93) 3 0( 0) 15 1( 7) T (p.88p.95) 2 0( 0) 13 1( 8) D (p.80p.87) 4 2( 50) 14 3( 21) KY (p.79p.85) 4 1( 25) 13 0( 0) G (p.84p.91) 2 0( 0) 15 0( 0) O (p.80p.87) 5 0( 0) 20 1( 5) 20 3( 15) 90 6( 7)
70 P.82L16-4-2KY 1992p D 67
71 1992P.84l D 1992p D P.89,90 4-4KE 1992p
72 5 240x80x10 1km x (1999) (p.60) 1 69
73 (1) () () () 70
74 () 1 () Verschaffel(2000)sense-making of suspension) () Greer(1997) (p.299) ( ) 71
75
76 (2) 1.(1999) (1999) (p.7) ) ) ) ) ) 73
77 2 10km 16km m 10 m 16 m 2 m 2 10 m 16 74
78 1 x0 2AO + BO = 2 x x f (x)2 x x f '(x) = 2x - 1 x x f '(x) 0 f (x) x f (x) HO = AO + BO = 2 x x f(x) f(x)x f(x) 75
79 x f(x) x 7 f(x)x x f(x) x 5.9 f(x) x 1 km km 2 9km 11km 3 76
80 2 3 3 ) 2 ) 10km 1km ) 12 ) ) 1 f(x) g(x) f (x)2 x x g(x) x x g(x)12 f(x) x x g(x) x x
81 10 x (16x) x 100 x104 99x 2 208x x x 99 3 f(x)f(x) x km 78
82 79
83 2.(1996) (1996) x y 80
84 3 y2x 2 1 a x y 1 y 16xa y 2 y 22x 0x3 a 6xa2x a a
85 x y / x x y / x x y / y
86 ) 6 )
87 84
88 3. ) ) 1 ) 2 ) ) 180 x 90 y x1y 85
89
90 3 2m/s
91
92 Blum,W., Kirsch, A.(1989). The problem of the graphic artist, In W. Blum.(Eds.), British library cataloguing in publication data, Ellis horwood limited, (pp ), England. Greer, B.(1993). The mathematical modeling perspective on wor(l)d problem, Journal of mathematical behavior, 12, pp Greer, B.(1997). Modelling reality in mathematics classrooms: the case of word problems, Learning and Instruction, Vol.7, No.4, pp Kieran, C.(1992). The learning and teaching of school algebra, In Grouws, D.A.(Eds.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics., pp , New York: Macmillian. Mayer, R. E.(1982). Memory for algebra story problems, In Ball, S.(Eds.), Journal of educational psychology, 74, No.2, American Psychological Association, Inc., pp , Washington, D. C. Reusser, K., & Stebler, E.(1997). Every word problem has a solution The social rationality of mathematical modeling in schools, Learning and Instruction, Vol.7, No.4, pp Saljo, R.(1991). Learning and mediation: Fitting reality into a table, Learning and Instruction, Vol.1, pp Verschaffel, L., De Corte, E., & Lasure, S.(1994). Realistic considerations in mathematical modeling of school arithmetic word problems, Learning and Instruction, Vol.4, pp Verschaffel, L., & De Corte, E.(1997a). Teaching realistic mathematical modeling in the elementary school: A teaching experiment with fifth graders, Journal for 89
93 Research in Mathematics Education, Vol.28, No.5, pp Verschaffel, L., & De Corte, E., & Borghart, I.(1997b). Pre-service teachers conceptions and beliefs about the role of real-world knowledge in mathematical modeling of school word problems, Learning and Instruction, Vol.7, No.4, pp Verschaffel, L.(2000). Real-world knowledge and the modeling of school word problems, Abstracts of plenary lectures and regular lectures, The 9th International congress on mathematical education, pp Wyndhamn, J., & Saljo, R.(1997). Word problems and mathematical reasoning A study of children s mastery of reference and meaning in textual realities, Learning and Instruction, Vol.7, No.4, pp Yoshida, H., Verschaffel, L., & De Corte, E.(1997). Realistic considerations in solving problematic word problems: Do Japanese and Belgian children have the same difficulties?, Learning and Instruction, Vol.7, No.4, pp (2000a) (2000b) 33 pp (1992) 74 pp (1993) 75 pp (1999) 81 pp (1968). (1994),, 27, pp (1995) 10 pp
94 (1999) 32 pp (1996) 78 9 pp (1998), 80 9 pp (1999a) 32 pp (1999b) 32. (2000) 33 pp C.(1987). (1996). (1985). (1995a) No.524pp (1995b) No.525pp (1998) 13 pp (1990) 118. (1991) 2 91
95 119. (1996) (1997) 3. (1997) 30 pp (1996) 29 pp (1998) 80 9 pp (1999) 32 pp (1998). (1997) 8 A-(2). (1998) 80 6 pp (1993) 26, pp (1993),,, 19, pp (2000a) 6 pp (2000b) 92
96 (2000c) 33 pp (1992) 1. (1992) 1. (1992) 1. (1992) 1. (1992) 1. (1992) 1. (1992) 1. (1992) 3. (1992) 3. (1999) 5 pp (1999) 14 pp (1990) pp (2000) 28. (1996). (1999) 32 pp , G. (1944). (1999)
97 pp (1983) 2 pp (1998) 80 3 pp (1998) pp (1998) (1999a) (1999b) (1996) 78 5 pp (1999) 5 pp (1998) 4pp (1995). 94
98
99
100 A ( ) 40 () 3 ( )( ) ( ) 3
101 ( 1) () 4
102 () () 5
103 ( 3) () 6
104 ( 4) 2cm 8cm 7cm () 7
105 ( 5) () 8
106 ( 6) () 9
107 A 2 B 3 A 3 B A 23 B 10
108 2 A 1-2A 30 () ( ) 11
109
110
111
112
113 5( x + y) + 7 y = 3 9 y 4( x + y) = 32 16
114
115 t v (m/) v10 t (1)2 m (2)200 18
116 23 A 2-2A 15 () ( ) 19
117 20
118 100km 70km 100km 100m
119 22
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