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1 Cognitive Studies, 18(1), (March 2011) Intact face perception is an important function for individual identification in highly socialized human community. Recent studies revealed that there are hereditary individual differences on the cognitive skills related to face identification, named congenital/hereditary prosopagnosia. The investigation on the congenital/hereditary prosopagnosia would advance our understanding of the face identification mechanism, however, has not been conducted with Japanese samples. The development of the Japanese version of the congenital/hereditary prosopagnosia screening scale is the first step of the congenital/hereditary prosopagnosia study in Japan. In this study, we attempted the translation of the original screening scale into Japanese, and also investigated the relationship between the score of scale and behavioral/physiological responses on face stimuli. As a result, we found highly internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the Japanese version of the congenital/hereditary prosopagnosia screening scale. Also we have revealed the score was related to some behavioral performances and ERP responses related to the self-face perception. Keywords: Congenital/hereditary prosopagnosia, Face recognition, Self, EEG, N170 N (Bruce, Desimone, & Gross, 1986; Perrett, Mistlin, Chitty, Smith, Potter, Broennimann, & Harries, 1988) The Personality Differences on Face Recognition The Relationships among Japanese Version of the Congenital/Hereditary Prosopagnosia Screening Scale, Reaction Time, and EEG, by Noriaki Kanayama (Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science), Takahiro Osumi (Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Department of Psychology, Nagoya University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science), Hideki Ohira (Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Department of Psychology, Nagoya University), Tetsuya Iidaka (Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University), and Kazuo Hiraki (Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo). (Jeffreys, 1989; Bentin, Allison, Puce, Perez, & McCarthy, 1996) (Wilhelm, Herzmann, Kunina, Danthiir, Schacht, & Sommer, 2010) (Bentin, Degutis, D Esposito, & Robertson, 2007) Hereditary Prosopagnosia Screening Scale
2 Vol. 18 No Kennerknecht, Plumpe, Edwards, & Raman (2007) ( ) ( 51.00) (, 2001) (, 2009) (Valentine, 1988; Valentine & Bruce, 1986; Perrett et al., 1998) (Farah, Tanaka, & Drain, 1995; Schmalzl, Palermo, Harris, & Coltheart, 2009; Behrmann & Avidan, 2005) N170 (Bentin et al., 1996) (Bentin et al., 1996; Rossion, Joyce, Cottrell,& Tarr, 2003) N170 N170 (Bentin et al., 2007) N170 7 (Grueter, Grueter, Bell, Horst, Laskowski, Sperling, Halligan, Ellis, & Kennerknecht, 2007) (Miyakoshi, Kanayama, Nomura, Iidaka, & Ohira, 2008)
3 52 Cognitive Studies March 2011 (Bentin et al., 2007) (SD =1.64), ( (SD =4.07)) Hereditary Prosopagnosia Screening Scale (Kennerknecht et al., 2007) Hereditary Prosopagnosia Screening Scale , 3, 5, 11, 13, 14,
4 Vol. 18 No Cronbach α α = α 1 α =.72 2 α =.65 3 α =.53 1 α ( : r(79) =.91, p<.001; 1 : r(79) =.90, p<.001; 2 : r(79) =.87, p<.001; 3 : r(79) =.68, p<.001) (SD =1.30) (SD =11.97) +1SD (44.00) ( SD =4.12) ( SD =6.71) DM-FVM100KS (Canon Inc.) Photoshop 7.0 (Adobe Systems Inc.)
5 54 Cognitive Studies March cm 6.24 cm ( 1 ) (2 /) (2 /) (2 /) 3 N170 (2 /) (2 /) (2 /) (32 ) 4 / cm ( ) ms 100 ms 900ms 200 ms 350 ms Inverse efficiency Inverse efficiency (Spence, Pavani, & Driver, 2004; Townsend & Ashby, 1983). 500 Hz 32 Ag-AgCl (EEG1100; Nihon Koden, Inc.) Fp1, Fp2, Fz, F3, F4,F7,F8,Cz,C3,C4,Pz,P3,P4,P7,P8,O1, O2, PO9, PO10, T7, T8, TP9, TP10, FC5, FC6, FT9, FT10, CP1, CP2, CP5, CP6 10 kω 5kΩ 0.1 Hz 120 Hz 0.1 Hz
6 Vol. 18 No ( ) (ms) (52.63) (53.14) (50.13) (67.81) (45.92) (62.11) (36.25) (60.55) Hz 500 Hz 600 ms 1200 ms EEGLAB (Delorme & Makeig, 2004) (SD =2.36) 5.00 (SD =4.38) ERP 100 ms 300 ms 100 ms ERP N ms 250 ms N ms N170 (144 ms 248 ms ) 3 Inverse Efficiency ( ) (33.44) (64.29) (57.57) (60.38) (Maurer, Brandeis, & McCandliss, 2005) bonfferoni p x 3 (F (1, 9) = 13.68, p<.01, partial eta squared =.60) 2 ( ms, ms, t(9) =.36, n.s.) (F (1, 9) = 12.11, p<.01, partial eta squared =.57) ( 2) ( ms, ms, t(9) = 0.47, n.s.) / / Inverse Efficiency
7 56 Cognitive Studies March z Inverse Efficiency Inverse Efficiency IE Inverse Efficiency 2 (F (1, 9) = 11.72, p <.01, partial eta squared =.57) ( ) z (r(8) =.85, p<.01) 1 (r(8) =.79, p<.01) 2 (r(8) =.76, p<.01) 3 (r(8) =.51, n.s.) ms 300 ms ERP N170 5 (F (1, 8) = 8.51, p<.05, partial eta squared =.52) (F (31, 248) = 1.56, p<.05, partial eta squared =.16) N170 (t(8) = 2.80, p<.05) /O2 N170 ( t(8) = 2.36, p<.05t(8) = 2.40, p< )
8 Vol. 18 No N170 O2 ERP X Y X (ms) Y (µv) N170 3 O2 150 ms 250 ms ERP (μv) F4 (t(8) = 2.90, p <.05), C4 (t(8) = 2.83, p <.05), PO9 (t(8) = 2.43, p <.05), PO10 (t(8) = 2.48, p<.05), F8 (t(8) = 3.41, p<.01), T8 (t(8) = 3.94, p<.01), P7 (t(8) = 2.64, p<.05), TP9 (t(8) = 2.77, p<.05), TP10 (t(8) = 2.40, p <.05), CP2 (t(8) = 2.85, p <.05), FT10 (t(8) = 2.84, p <.05), CP5 (t(8) = 3.35, p<.05), FC6 (t(8) = 3.85, p<.01) / 4 TP10 (t(8) = 2.51, p<.05), Cz (t(8) = 3.89, p <.01), CP1 (t(8) = 2.36, p<.05) / 5
9 58 Cognitive Studies March / F4 PO ms 250 ms ERP (μv) 5 / TP10 CP1 150 ms 250 ms ERP (μv) (Kennerknecht et al., 2007) ( )
10 Vol. 18 No (Kennerknecht, Grueter, Welling, Wentzek, Horst, Edwards, & Grueter, 2006) (Farah et al., 1995) (Schwarzer, Huber, Gruter, Gruter, Gross, Hipfel, & Kennerknecht, 2007) (Farah et al., 1995) (Schmalzl et al., 2009) (Platek, Thomson, & Gallup, 2004) (Troje & Kersten, 1999; Caharel, Poiroux, Bernard, Thibaut, Lalonde, & Rebai, 2002; Miyakoshi et al., 2008)
11 60 Cognitive Studies March 2011 (Gallup, 1970; Hauser, Kralik, Botto-Mahan, Garrett, & Oser, 1995) (Sugiura, Sassa, Jeong, Horie, Sato, & Kawashima, 2008) 2 2 (Tempini, Price, Josephs, Vandenberghe, Cappa, Kapur, & Frackowiak, 1998) 4.3 N170 N170 O2 N170 P7, P8 ( T5 T6; Bentin et al., 1996; Watanabe, Miki, & Kakigi, 2005) N170 5.
12 Vol. 18 No University of Münster Dr. Ingo Kennerkcnecht Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, E., & McCarthy, G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, Bentin, S., DeGutis, J. M., D Esposito, M., & Robertson, L. C. (2007). Too many trees to see the forest: Performance, event-related potential, and functional magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of integrative congenital prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, Behrmann, M., & Avidan, G. (2005). Congenital prosopagnosia: Face-blind from birth. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, Bruce, C. J., Desimone, R., & Gross, C. G. (1986). Both striate cortex and superior colliculus contribute to visual properties of neurons in superior temporal polysensory area of macaque monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 55, Caharel, S., Poiroux, S., Bernard, C., Thibaut, F., Lalonde, R., & Rebai, M. (2002). ERPs associated with familiarity and degree of familiarity during face recognition. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J. W., & Drain, H. M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 21, Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1970). Chimpanzees: Selfrecognition. Science, 167, Grueter, M., Grueter, T., Bell, V., Horst, J., Laskowski, W., Sperling, K., Halligan, P. W., Ellis, H. D., & Kennerknecht, I. (2007). Hereditary prosopagnosia: The first case series. Cortex, 43, Hauser, M. D., Kralik, J., Botto-Mahan, C., Garrett, M., & Oser, J. (1995). Self-recognition in primates: Phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92, Jeffreys, D. A. (1989). A face-responsive potential recorded from the human scalp. Experimental Brain Research, 78, Kennerknecht, I., Grueter, T., Welling, B., Wentzek, S., Horst, J., Edwards, S., & Grueter, M. (2006). First report of prevalence of non-syndromic hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA). American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140A, Kennerknecht, I., Plumpe, N., Edwards, S., & Raman, R. (2007). Hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA): The first report outside the Caucasian population. Journal of Human Genetics, 52, Maurer, U., Brandeis, D., & McCandliss, B. D. (2005). Fast, visual specialization for reading in English revealed by the topography of the N170 ERP response. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1, 13. Miyakoshi, M., Kanayama, N., Nomura, M., Iidaka, T., & Ohira, H. (2008). ERP study of viewpoint-independence in familiar-face recognition. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69, (2009). :., 49, 621. Perrett, D. I., Mistlin, A. J., Chitty, A. J., Smith, P. A. J., Potter, D. D., Broennimann, R., et al. (1988). Specialized face processing and hemispheric-asymmetry in man and monkey evidence from single unit and
13 62 Cognitive Studies March 2011 reaction-time studies. Behavioural Brain Research, 29, Platek, S. M., Thomson, J. W., & Gallup, G. G., Jr. (2004). Cross-modal self-recognition: The role of visual, auditory, and olfactory primes. Consciousness and cognition, 13, Rossion, B., Joyce, C. A., Cottrell, G. W., & Tarr, M. J. (2003). Early lateralization and orientation tuning for face, word, and object processing in the visual cortex. Neuroimage, 20, Schmalzl, L., Palermo, R., Harris, I. M., & Coltheart, M. (2009). Face inversion superiority in a case of prosopagnosia following congenital brain abnormalities: What can it tell us about the specificity and origin of face-processing mechanisms? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26, Schwarzer, G., Huber, S., Gruter, M., Gruter, T., Gross, C., Hipfel, M., & Kennerknecht, I. (2007). Gaze behaviour in hereditary prosopagnosia. Psychologial Research, 71, Spence, C., Pavani, F., & Driver, J. (2004). Spatial constraints on visual-tactile cross-modal distractor congruency effects. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, Sugiura, M., Sassa, Y., Jeong, H., Horie, K., Sato, S., & Kawashima, R. (2008). Facespecific and domain-general characteristics of cortical responses during self-recognition. Neuroimage, 42, Tempini, M. L. G., Price, C. J., Josephs, O., Vandenberghe, R., Cappa, S. F., Kapur, N., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1998). The neural systems sustaining face and proper-name processing. Brain, 121, Townsend, J. T., & Ashby, F. G. (1983). The stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge Cambridgeshire; New York: Cambridge University Press. Troje, N. F., & Kersten, D. (1999). Viewpointdependent recognition of familiar faces. Perception, 28, (2001).., 16, Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: A review of the effects of inversion upon face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 79, Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. (1986). The effect of race, inversion and encoding activity upon face recognition. Acta Psychologica, 61, Watanabe, S., Miki, K., & Kakigi, R. (2005). Mechanisms of face perception in humans: A magneto- and electro-encephalographic study. Neuropathology, 25, Wilhelm, O., Herzmann, G., Kunina, O., Danthiir, V., Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2010). Individual differences in perceiving and recognizing faces-one element of social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, (Received 31 Aug. 2010) (Accepted 15 Dec. 2010) 2009 (PD) (DC1) 2001
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