香格里拉市北部のカムチベット語諸方言の方言差異とその形成

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1 Journal of Asian and African Studies, No.95, 2018 香格里拉市北部のカムチベット語諸方言の方言差異とその形成 Dialectal Variation and Development of Khams Tibetan in Northern Shangri-La Municipality SUZUKI, Hiroyuki This study analyses the distribution and development of Khams Tibetan dialects spoken in the northern Shangri-La Municipality, Yunnan Province, China. Two dialectal groups of Khams Tibetan are contacted in this area: Chaphreng and Sems-kyi-nyila, the second of which also contains several small subgroups. This study highlights the phonetic development of ten varieties of Khams Tibetan (Phula, sngonshod, Nagskerags, Adma, dngo, Phuri, mtshongu, rtsegnyi, rgyalbde, and Byagkar) and characterises the way in which phonetic features developed within each variety. It is noteworthy that Written Tibetan (WrT) characters such as WrT, Py, Ky, Pr, Kr, C, L and y generally correspond to various sounds, which can be used as criteria to divide the dialects into subgroups. This study concludes that the varieties spoken in the northern part of Shangri-La Municipality can be divided into three subgroups and organised by region. The northernmost subgroup includes Phula and sngonshod and belongs within the Chaphreng group, and the southernmost section includes mtshongu, rtsegnyi, rgyalbde, and Byagkar and belongs within the Sems-kyi-nyila group. The middle subgroup includes Nagskerags, Adma, dngo, and Phuri and possesses partial features shared with both Sems-kyi-nyila and Chaphreng; however, it can historically be derived from the Sems-kyi-nyila group Keywords: : Khams Tibetan, Shangri-La Municipality, phonetic description, sound correspondence, dialect classification

2 () 34 r bde-chen 1) 傈僳 2) 3) 4) Sems-kyi Nyi-zla 5) (1981)(1993)Zhang(1996) (2008) rgyal-thang (1990, 1992)Hongladarom(1996, 2000, 2007ab)Wang(1996) (1997: )(1998: )(2001: )(2007)(2008)(2010)(2014) 1 1) () 2) Ryavec(2015) (2009)(2009) 3) Tournadre(2014b) Tibetic 4) () (2009b) Roche & Suzuki(forthcoming) 5)

7 1 6) Zhang(1996) 6 7) (2015a) 3 sde-rong Jol Cha-phreng 6) ArcGIS online(https://www.

3 7 1 6) Zhang(1996) 6 7) (2015a) 3 sde-rong Jol Cha-phreng 6) ArcGIS online( 7) () gtor-ma-rongspom-rtse-rag mtha -chu rta-pho-sgang() 6

4 8 95 ( 2001: 27)( 2015a, 2016b, c, Suzuki 2014 ) (2007b) 1 (2016a) 5 dngo La-mdo Bartee(2007)(sPang-steng) Bartee(2011) (2016, 2017)(2009a: )Phu-la 8) (2010b, 2013a)Phu-ri 1 (2015b) 9) () ( 2015a) (2016a, 2017bc) 10) 8) (2009a) gtorwa 9) (1995, 2009)

5 sngon-shod 咱 Nags-ske-rags 咱 A-dma 咱咱咱 mtsho-mgo 咱咱 rtse-gnyis 咱咱 rgyal-bde 奶 Brag-dkar 11) (2015a) ) 1 (sociolect) (regiolect) 10) Suzuki(2017) Suzuki & Lozong Lhamo(2017) 11) 2 12) 咱

10 95 2 Suzuki & Sonam Wangmo(2017) lha-sgang 13) Konchok Gelek(2017)sKye-dgu 14) (rdo-mkhar-rdzong)

6 Suzuki & Sonam Wangmo(2017) lha-sgang 13) Konchok Gelek(2017)sKye-dgu 14) (rdo-mkhar-rdzong) 15) (1998: ) () 16) (2013a) 17) 13)Mi-nyag Rab-sgang 14)Yul-shul 15)(cf. Vandenabeele 2014) 16)

7 11 18) 19) 20) 21) 10 (13 ) 2005 (2002) ) (2012) (IPA) (2010) IPA 23) Tournadre & Suzuki(forthcoming) pandialectal phonetic description 24) /r/ 17)(2 )(20 )( 2013a: 60-61) 18) Kluge(2007) 19) ) 咱 21) 22) 23) Suzuki(2016b) Canepari(1999)( )Hickey(2011: 29-31; 2014)( ) 24)(2014a)Suzuki(2016b) 1 (2009: 358) ɬ l

8 12 95 r, ɾ, ɹ1 /r/ 25) ɿ, ʅ 1 (2005) C C i GVCC C i () V() C 2 G /w, j/ /ʔ/ 1 26) CC i GVCC 27) /ɬ/ /l / 25)/r/ r 26) 1 (2010a, 2016c) (2010) 27) 28)(2009a: )

9 ) 1 2 / 4 ˉ `ˆ

10 / 4 ˉ `ˆ

11 / 4 ˉ `ˆ

12 / 4 ˉ `ˆ

13 ) 9 10 / 4 ˉ `ˆ 29)(2017a)

14 ) / 4 ˉ `ˆ 30)(2013a)

15 / 4 ˉ `ˆ

16 / 4 ˉ `ˆ

17 / 4 ˉ `ˆ

18 / 4 ˉ `ˆ /p h, p, b, t h, t, d, ʈ h, ʈ, ɖ, ȶ h, ȶ, ȡ, c h, c, ɟ, k h, k, g, ʔ/ /ts h, ts, dz, ʈʂ h, ʈʂ, ɖʐ, tɕ h, tɕ, dʑ/ /ɬ h, ɬ, ɮ, s h, s, z, ʂ h, ʂ, ʐ, ɕ h, ɕ, ʑ, ç h, ç, ʝ, x h, x, ɣ, h, ɦ/ /m, m, n, n, ɳ, ȵ, ȵ, ɲ, ŋ, ŋ, l, l, r, r, w, j, j/

21 ) ) (2011b, 2014a, 2016a, 2017a)

22 (1986)(1987) (2009: )(1986: 850) (2010b, 2011ab, 2012, 2014a, 2016abc, 2017bc, ab) 4 - (31) - (32) - (33) - r (34) 32) Wylie (2004: ) C c, ch, j TS ts, tsh, dz SH zh, sh S z, s L l Ky k, kh, g y Py p, ph, b y Kr k, kh, g r Pr p, ph, b r Tr t, d r # # 32)(2007) Suzuki(2015)

23 27 33) 34) () 35) ((2011)) 10 (1987) 31 ( 2002: ) ( 2016c, c) L y 2 2 (Suzuki b, 2016b) L /l/ /j/ y /j/ L /j/ 36) y /j/ 33) 34)Denwood(1999: 38-39) 35) 36) y /j/ L /j/ 1 (2016b) y L

24 28 95 L 26 L 26 L /l/ /j/ /l/ /l/ 37) /ç/ (26 )/j/ / n l, ɦ j, n d, nd/ /l/ /j/ 38) y 37) (Iwasa et al. 2017) 1 lhags pa 38) zl

25 29 27 y 27 /j/ /z/ /z/ /ʑ/ 3 /j/ /ʑ/ /z/ /ʑ/ 39) /r-/ 40) 39) 27 spang g.yag 40)

26 (1987) 41) Ky, Py, Kr, Pr 42) (2014a, 2016a, 2017bc) C, TS, SH, S C, TS, SH, S Ky, Py, Kr, Pr, Tr (321) (322)(323) 321 C 41)( 1983 ) (2002: ) )(1983) (2002)(2009)

27 31 29 C C 29 3 ( 2009b, 2010b) 43) 1 44) 1 1 TS 43) 44)(2014c)

28 TS TS 30 e 45) 46) TS 47) SH 45)( a) 33 46) (2015a) 2 tshe ring 47) 2

29 33 31 SH SH 31 48) TS e i SH S 48) ( 2007b)

30 S S 32 49) 50) TS e r /i/ 51) 34 r sr 52) sr s S 49)(2012) Suzuki(2013) Ba -lhag(nyi-shar) 50) /s/ s 51) r 52) sr ( 2010b, 2014a) S (2002: )

31 35 33 sr 33 sr r s 53) 54) s S sr 32 S y, r y r Py 53) /s h / 54) 1 myi

32 Py 34 2 SH 33 e Py 2 Py y, r (1987) Py Ky

33 37 35 Ky 35 khang pa ( 2007a: 244) 55) ) Ky r 57) Pr 55)(2007b) 56) 57) r (2016a)

34 Pr 36 spr / ʔa ʂʉː/ ( spre u) SH 58) /r / 59) /r / /x/ 60) /r / dbral dbr () (2016a) Pr 58) Py ( 2015b, 2016b, c) 59)/r / 60)Zhol-lam( 2011a) 2

35 39 Pr Pr br Pr 37 br 37 br Pr Pr 61) (2016a) 1 Suzuki(2012) br Suzuki(2016a) 62) (2014a) 61) Pr ( 2016a) 62)Suzuki et al.(2016) br / ŋ g/ ( 2009c, 2014b)

36 40 95 br Kr Pr 38 Kr 38 Kr 3 (2016a)1 /`ɲ c h eː ja/( mkhris pa)/`ɲ c h ʉː/( khrol) Kr r 63) 63) ( khre) 43

37 41 br Kr Pr Kr ( 2016a) r 64) Kr br Tr 39 Tr 39 (2 ) Tr () 65) 64)(2013b) r 65) (2011a)

38 42 95 Tr C*, TS*, SH*, S* C, TS, SH, S i, e 66) ʈ() ȶ() c() ts() ʈʂ() tɕ() ɬ() s() ʂ() ɕ() ç() )

39 Py Pr 41 Pr, br, Kr 42 2 (2014a) 67) 42 r y 42 (2014a) 2 1 (a) 1 (b) br 1 2 (c) 2 2 (a) (b) 67) / ŋ g/ Suzuki(2012, 2016a)(2016a)

40 44 95 C, S 68) Kr ) 42 ( 2014a) 1a 2b a, 2b r r ( ) ( 38 ) Tr ( 39 ) r r r /r/ 70) 42 r Kr C S Py S (Suzuki 2013) 42 Py 68)(2015a) (2016a) 69)( 2011b) 70)(1963)(1990)16 18 r /r/ (2017b) r 15 r 1516

41 45 S Py S S 71) 1 (2014a) ( ) 72) () () a, i, u, e, o 2 43 i /ə/ u /ɯ/ a, e, o 71)( 2012) 1 gser-tshangrtse-rong 72)(1991)

42 a o 73) 43 e 44 Ky e /jə/ 74) ( b) 75) o e /jə/ o /wə/ ə ) i e /ə/ /ə/ /jə/ 73) m /n/ Suzuki(2009) 74) me (2001: 1284)(2011b) ( mye smye) (1987) 75) ) 44 2 u *spyang khe

43 47 44 e o /wə, ə, ɤ/ e /wə/ () 34 r r /ɿ/-/ʅ/ r 77) 45 77)(2014a: 52)Chos-ba-steng /ɿ-ʅ/ (ɿ ʕ, ʅ ʕ ) r (2011a, 2013b)

44 r 78) /ɯ, ə/ /ɵ/ /w, j/ 3 /ɛ, e/ r (31) 78)(12 )

45 49 2(32) 3()(33) 4 r (34) 79) (isogloss) 80) 3 79) A-E A 1, A 2, B A 1 A 2 A B 80)

46 (2000: 85) 81) 82) 81)Tournadre(2014a: ) (2000: 85) 82)(2010b)(2000: 85)

47 51 (1987) (2015a) 31, 32, , r ( 2013b, 2016b) 2 咱 ( 3 ) 46 83) 84) () 85) 86) 83) 84) 咱 85) ()()(1989) 86)(1994: 110) sesquilingualism, sesquidialectalism / 1 2

48 (2007b) (2014a, 2016a) (Sa-gong Nyer-sul 87) Phreng-stodPhreng-smadgDong-gsumRag-bo Rwa-rtags) 88) A, B, C A B C 3 zl / n d/ / n l/ AB y /z/ AB Kr AB B Kr 89) 32 B Pr B 87)bSam- phel 88) )(1993: ) Kr () (1993) 1950

49 53 90) 1 AB C SH, S 3 C AB (2009b) A B C 91) (2009b) ( mtsho-mgo-lungnyi-shargyen-nye- phelkhyim-phyugsgang 奶 gnas-gsarshing-khog-stengyang-thang 92) Chos-ba-stengThang- phel 93) ) 94) 95) A, B, C, D A B 奶 C D 90) r (2013b)B Kr (2012) 91)(2015a) 92) 93)(2009: ) 94) )

50 54 95 C Pr, Kr br ar 32 1 ( 2014a) D D 96) ( 1969) ABA 97) (32)ABA ABCBA A()B()C( )B()A() 4 10 ()() 2 96)(2016a) D (Khre-zhag) 97)B ABA A B A B

51 () (2015a) (2000: 85)(2010b) 2 98) 99) () 13 () 100) 98) ( 2013c, 2014b) (2012) 99)(1995) Sems-kyi Nyi-zla rdzong Mi-dmang-srid-gzhung gi Khun-stod Don-gcod-khang ed.(2003)(2009) Kolås(2005)

52 W/Wang(1996) H/Hongladarom(1996) Z/(1997) Y/(1998) S J Q C K T B L 咱 N 100) Tournadre & Suzuki(forthcoming) pandialectal phonetic transcription

53 57

54 58 95

55 59 ɿ/ʅ ( 2008 )(()1981 )

56 : : a 2007b36: 嗎 a (No ) Vol. 2i-xxii b cDaan 34(1): a 2: bLamdo 35(1): a 嘎嘎 bYangthang/Gyennyemphel 6: mBalhag 37(1): a 咱 / Phuri42: b r csKobsteng 8: aChoswateng rgyalthang 39(1): b c a() b a /ɟ/ 8: b c d adNgo46: b ABA 9: c a r r 18 b rgyalthang - 10 c

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315 'brug gi rgyal yongs tshogs 'du 'brug yul snga Bhutan Broadcasting Service BBS bkra shis sgang mong sgar lhun rtse 316 long shar phyogs pa mon pa lho mtshams pa bkra shis gyang tse pad ma dga' tshal