日琉祖語の分岐年代
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1 Thomas Pellard* (CRLAO CNRS) (Pellard 2009, 2014) 2 * , 1972, Thorpe 1983, 1990, 1997, Serafim 2003, Lee & Hasegawa , Unger 2009, : 2: km thomas.pellard@gmail.com *1 (1997) (1999) Pellard (2009, 2014) 1
2 Thomas Pellard 1.3 glottochronology 2 Bergsland & Vogt 1962, Nettle 1999, Blust 2000 (1959: 80 83) 500 (1972) 587 Unger (2009: 100) 996 Gray & Atkinson (2003) 3 Lee & Hasegawa (2011) 2 (1968: 1 2) (2009) (*-p- > -w-)
3 1: *p Pw1: ko: me: Pwi: ka: mai ui ka: mai ui ka: mai ui k h a: ki 1959, tci 3 *ke > ki *ki > tci : * kibjo: tcibjo: ki:ku tci:ku gittcu: dýittcu: : hadzi hadzi tabo:jun pakw sauna -ta-kam hadz1 so:nu -ta-sa:n tabo:run hadi -ta- t h abarun 2.3 *3 -a1wn-iajn-1an -(j)au O: au 4 89 au O: : ba1wn h tciajn Nuat dý1an Cuw bo: CO:gwat ýo:zu bo: Co:gwad-d1k dýot bo: Co:gwatsi dýo:dýi pau saukaks taukw bo: CoNgwadz1 dýo:dz1 bu: sunati dudi *bau *sjaugwatu *zjauzu *2 *3 Pulleyblank (1991) 3
4 Thomas Pellard : Pi:jui ji(:)jui PiRijuN jijun WRi pw: irirun b z 1RuN irirun bi :: (P)i :: ji 8: Pip ji: Pibi: ji: Pibi wi: 3.3 p *p p p *p F/f/h *p F 6: > PiRabjum ji:- PiRabuN wi:jun irapw pi: irabun bi:n irabun birun 7: PuRijui wujui PuRijuN wu:jun uri puw urirun burun urirun burun p (1993) (2009, 2011) *p F p *4 F/f > p *w > b F > p w > b (Masica 1991: 202) (Blust 1990: 252) *4 (2009) p (2009) 4
5 p w b *w > b*j > d p h p F p *e *o p F > p p > F/f (2009, 2011) *k { }{ } u rw o V > kwv > FV > pv *k { }{ } u rw o V > kwv > pv > FV *k w p (Fortson 2009) (2011: 9) *F 9: *p ha: çi: F1: wudui p h a: p P i: p h i: wu:dui pa: ps: pi: putuw pa: p s 1: pi: budur1 ha: tc P i: çi: budi 10: Pim1 Pumu Pimi: Pumu:s imi m: imi un imi unti * : wan wan anu anu banu *8 12 *9 3.4 > *5 > *6 10 *5 490 * * *8 * Whitman (1999) 5
6 Thomas Pellard 12: *na 13: 2 nam na: nara nara *tukui *k@i t1k P i k h 1: CitCi: k h i: ksks ki: ts1k s 1 ki: t P i: k h i: *tuki *ke < *@ *e *e *i < *o (Pellard forthcoming) *pe *ke *pi 14 *p@i *poi 14: çi- F1:Ra p P i: p h ira: p s 1: pira tc P i: çira *pi *pera *ui *@i , 1977, , Martin *aw@i *awe *awi 15 (1934) *awo 6
7 4.3 *e *o 15: Pje: Pai a z 1 mai *ai *mae *a*i*u*@> , 1977, Martin 1987 < *ui*@i < *ia*i@ < *ai*@i < *ua*au*u@ * 10 6 (*a*i*u*@*e*o) , Thorpe 1983, Serafim 2008, Pellard 2008, 2009, forthcoming 16: *i *e *u *o *i ( Pj) i, ( s/z) 1, W, s, i, *e (h) 1, I, i i *u ( P) u, 1, I, i, u, 1, W, i, *o ( h) u, o u 17: *i *e *u *o *piru *peru *uma *omi çiru: F1:Ru Pma: PuN p P iru: p h iru: Pma: Pumi ps:-ma piw mma im p s 1:R1 pin mma in ts P u: çiru mma innaga 6 4 *e *o (ABC) 1958, , /3/ , 1966, 1967, 1997, 2006 (1958) /3/ , Matsumori 2001, 2008, 2010, 2012, /3 4 5/(3) B C 183 * 11 18: 2 = kánè HL = ámè HL kàgê LF = àmê LF kàgé LH = àmé LH kà:gí- L:H Pàmǐ-: LR: hágì HL Pàmǐ: LR ká:gí H:H Pámí HH kágí=màì HH-LL ámí=máí HH-HH k h ànî LF àmì LL *10 *e *o (Pellard 2008) *11 C 7
8 Thomas Pellard 日本語琉球諸語 3: ( ) : * 12 * , 2004 * (Summerhayes & Anderson 2009, Hudson 2012) 1999, 2004, Hudson 2012 * , 2007 Pellard (2014) 8
9 , , 2003, 2004, 2005 (Pellard 2014) DNA 1999, Tajima et al. 2004, Li et al. 2006, Shinoda & Doi 2008, Matsukusa et al (2005) , Serafim 1994,
10 Thomas Pellard * 14 Bellwood & Renfrew (2002) Lee & Hasegawa (2011) (Barnes 2007) * 15 Martin (1970) (1983) (1963) Nevskij ( (2005) (2003) (1987) ( ) ( ), (1988), (1994), Frellesvig (2010) (2009) (1934) 22(1) (1999) (2004) Barnes, Gina L. (2007) State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4 th -century elite. New York: Routledge. Bellwood, Peter & Renfrew, Colin (2002) Farmers, foragers, languages, genes: The genesis of agricultural societies. In Bellwood, Peter & Renfrew, Colin (eds.) Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Bergsland, Knut & Vogt, Hans (1962) On the validity of glottochronology. Current Anthropology 3(2): *14 Serafim (2003) *15 (1959) 10
11 Blust, Robert (1990) Patterns of change in the Austronesian languages. In Baldi, Philip (ed.) Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, Blust, Robert (2000) Why lexicostatistics doesn t work: The universal constant hypothesis and the Austronesian languages. In Renfrew, Colin, McMahon, April, & Trask, Larry (eds.) Time depth in historical linguistics. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, vols. Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2009) Indo-European language and culture: An introduction. Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell. Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A history of the Japanese language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gray, Russell D. & Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003) Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin. Nature 426: (1958) XI: (1959) ( ) (1) 7(3), 7(6) 8(12) (1966) (1967) (1987) 11 Hudson, Mark J. (2012) Austronesian and Jōmon identities in the Neolithic of the Ryukyu Islands. Documenta Praehistorica XXXIX: (2012) 16(1): 1 15 (1988) (1999) 9: (2009) F > p p 43(1/105): 1(78) 19(60) (1960) (7): (2003) (1998) (1963) (2011) 7(4): Lee, Sean & Hasegawa, Toshikazu (2011) Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports an agricultural origin of Japonic languages. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278(1725): Li, Shi-Lin, Yamamoto, Toshimichi, Yoshimoto, Takashi, Uchihi, Rieko, Mizutani, Masaki, Kurimoto, Yukihide, Tokunaga, Katsushi, Jin, Feng, Katsumata, Yoshinao, & Saitou, Naruya (2006) Phylogenetic relationship of the populations within and around Japan using 105 short tandem repeat polymorphic loci. Human Genetics 118(6): (1994) Martin, Samuel E. (1970) Shodon: A dialect of the Northern Ryukyus. Journal of the American Oriental Society 90(1): Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese language through time. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. Masica, Colin P. (1991) The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Matsukusa, Hirotaka, Oota, Hiroki, Haneji, Kuniaki, Toma, Takashi, Kawamura, Shoji, & Ishida, Hajime (2010) A genetic analysis of the Sakishima islanders reveals no relationship with Taiwan aborigines but shared ancestry with Ainu and main-island Japanese. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142(2): (1998) 2 114: (2000) 3 51(1): Matsumori, Akiko (2001) Historical tonology of Japanese dialects. In Kaji, Shigeki (ed.) Crosslinguistic studies of tonal phenomena. Tokyo: ILCAA, (2008) (58): (2010) (1975) 11
12 Thomas Pellard 22: (2007) (2003) (2009) p (2011) p p 7(4): 1 14 (1990) ( ) ( ) (1983) Nettle, David (1999) Is the rate of linguistic change constant? Lingua 108(2 3): Nevskij, Nikolai A. ( (2005)) 2 (2012) (2011) 7(4): (1990) (1977) (1972) Pellard, Thomas (2008) Proto-Japonic *e and *o in Eastern Old Japanese. Cahiers de linguistique Asie orientale 37(2): Pellard, Thomas (2009) Ōgami: Éléments de description d un parler du Sud des Ryūkyū. Ph.D. dissertation, École des hautes études en sciences sociales. Pellard, Thomas (2014) The linguistic archaeology of the Ryūkyū islands. In Heinrich, Patrick, Miyara, Shinsho, & Shimoji, Michinori (eds.) Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Pellard, Thomas (forthcoming) Ryukyuan perspectives on the Proto-Japonic vowel system. In Frellesvig, Bjarke & Sells, Peter (eds.) Japanese Korean Linguistics 20, University of Oxford University of London. Stanford: CSLI Publications. Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991) Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: UBC Press. (2006) Serafim, Leon (1994) Linguistically, what is Ryukyuan? Synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Paper presented at the Second international symposium of the International Society for Ryukyuan Studies. Harvard University. 24 March. Serafim (2003) When and from where did the Japonic language enter the Ryukyus? Serafim, Leon A. (2008) The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history. In Frellesvig, Bjarke & Whitman, John (eds.) Proto- Japanese: Issues and prospects. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, Shinoda, Ken-ichi & Doi, Naomi (2008) Mitochondrial DNA analysis of human skeletal remains obtained from the old tomb of Suubaru: Genetic characteristics of the westernmost island Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series D, Anthropology 34: Summerhayes, Glenn R. & Anderson, Atholl (2009) An Austronesian presence in southern Japan: Early occupation in the Yaeyama Islands. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 29: Tajima, Atsushi, Hayami, Masanori, Tokunaga, Katsushi, Juji, Takeo, Matsuo, Masafumi, Marzuki, Sangkot, Omoto, Keiichi, & Horai, Satoshi (2004) Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. Journal of Human Genetics 49: (2005) (2009) Thorpe, Maner L. (1983) Ryūkyūan language history. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California. (1968) (1977) 35: (1997) 12
13 (2010) 75(1): 6 26 Unger, J. Marshall (2009) The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages. Honolulu: University of Hawai i press. Whitman, John (1999) Personal pronoun shift in Japanese: A case study in lexical change and point of view. In Kamio, Akio & Takami, Ken-ichi (eds.) Function and Structure. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, (1993) 4: km
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