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4 18 Ruditapes philippinarum Tapes philippinarum, T. japonica, T. denticulate, T. semidecussata, T. bifurcate, Pahia philippinarum, Venerupis philippinarum, Amygdalum philippinarum Mollusca Bivalvia Heterodona Veneroida Tapetinae Ruditapes T. decussatus 1983 Meliá et al m psu 16.3mm 5.0psu , psu 1996, 2000 Ruditapes decussates Delgado and Camacho

5 18 10mm 20mm 22 27mm 30 35mm mm 26 28mm mm mm ,

6 (1939) (1996) (1956) (1988) (1993) (1954) (1979) (1954) (1957) 5

7 m D m 1987, , Miyawaki and Sekiguchi 1999, 2001 Ishi et al m D m m m 300 m 300 m 1.0mm mm 15 25mm 25mm b

8 m/day a b T T , D 21 23psu m mm 2 4mm mm 7

9 18 30mm , km 2002, 2003, mm mm 20mm mm % , 1991, 2000 Weinberg 1998, 2002 Meliá et al mm 1m Melià et al mm 35mm 1500ind./m 2 8

10 Length (mm) Jun-00 Sep-00 Dec-00 Mar-01 Jun-01 Sep-01 Month Solidoro et al

11 , 1996, mm 1l/hour , Bricelj et al l/hour n= n= n= n= n= n= mm 1 l/hour l/hour

12 18 Kasai et al Hiwatari and Kohata 2002, Yamamuro and Koike 1993 Hiwatari and Kohata Yamamuro and Koike Dame , m Montaudouin mm 11

13 , mm /3 1/ mm mm psu mm mm

14 psu <0.05mg/l 28mm LT 50 LT psu psu DO 1.0mg/l mg/l 0 g/l DO 1.0mg/l 10mg/l LT 50 LT mg/l D 1 D 48 LC 50 TBTC 17.5µg/l TPTC 32.7µg/l LC g/l 2004, 2004, 2005 PCB 13

15 mm IL 1985, mm 20mm 12.6% SS SS kg/cm cm

16 18 a Tokyo Bay -10m b 0 1:20, m -5m -1m a b

17 cm D.L , cm/s cm./s 4cm/s a b a b

18 , b , , 1995, , 1995, , cm mm 3 4cm/s 4cm/s Kakino 2000, 2002 Kakino (2000) 4cm/s , 1998, ,

19 18 a 5 15 c 5 27 b 5 2 d m 2002 a 5 15 b 5 2 c 5 27 d m 15, m 2 18

20 18 No./m 2 No./m 2 1/h /h 5cm 5cm A B 5cm a b a 1mm b 1 10mm 19

21 a b Kakino 2000, cm cm mm 20

22 18 1 Chl.a Chl.a 1997, 2002, , , , 2004 Goto et al. 2000, Magni and Montani 1997, Montani et al , , 2001ab 1977, 1992, Ito , Kharlamenko et al. 2001, Kasai et al. 2004, Kasai and Nakata 2005, Yokoyama and Ishii 2003 Kanaya et al C 15 N 13 C 15 N

23 18 Ito 1997 Melosira sulcuata Kasai Yokoyama & Ishii 2003 Kanaya et al SS) 61 SS , Montani et al

24 Kasai and Nakata 2005 MPOM BM TPOM PD 23

25 , , Yamamuro at al Mukai Allen and Williams 2003 Peterson 1986, Reush

26 18 Peterson , 1999, Saito et al Yamamuro et al

27 ,

28 ,273 t ,000 t ,912 t ,130 t mm

29 , A 1 98 A

30 A

31 , 2005, mm

32 b, 2002 ( 1977) cm 7 10mm mm

34 TAC Total Allowable Catch

35 Solidoro et al Solidoro et al Paster et al.(2001) Solidoro et al Meliá et al Meliá and Gatto 2005 Meliá et al

36 18 TAC ABC 35

37 1993,, 1, pp , 59, pp ,, 503, pp ,, 10, pp , 59p. 1996,, 62 (2), pp ,, 32(4), pp ,, 32(3), pp ,, 33(3), pp ,, 3, pp ,, 14, pp ,, 11, pp ,, 3, pp , hokkaido.jp/exp/kushiro/zoushoku/seika.htm, ,, 60, pp Pseudocardium sachalinense,, 68(5), ,, No , 36

38 , 35(4), pp ( ) U ,, 13(2), pp ,, 16(2),pp ,, 2(3), pp ,, 20, pp ,, 21, pp ,, 69(2), pp ,, 57 1, pp pp ,, 23(11), pp ,, 57(1), pp ,, 4, pp ,, 19, pp ,, 23(1), pp ,, 28(1), pp ,, 29(1), pp ,, 60 (3), pp ,, 140p. 2002,, 57(1), pp

39 2004,, 51, pp a Ruditapes philippinarum,, No b Ruditapes philippinarum,, No ,, 20, pp ,, 42 (1), pp ,, 3, pp Neverita didma Röding,, 25pp. 1939,, 410, pp ,, 23, pp ,, 29 (2), pp , 35, pp ,, 49, pp ,, 47, pp , pp ,, 58, pp p. 2005,, 3, pp , 2, pp , 62 38

40 , pp ,, 56,pp ,, 7, pp ,, 22(7), pp , 31(4), pp ,, 67, pp ,, 71, pp ,, 74, pp ,, 67, pp ,, 80, pp ,, 57 1, pp , 47(3), pp ,, 14(1), pp ,, 7, pp ,, 38(3), pp ,, 7, pp , 14, pp , 43(2), pp ,, 70(4), pp ,, 211pp. 39

41 1985 :, pp ,, 29(1), pp , 25(4), pp , 45(11), pp ,, 42(1), pp a,, 18, pp a,, 37(3), pp (2001b),, 67(2), pp ,, 3(1), pp , 27(2), pp ,, 35, pp ,, No ,, 59, pp ,, 22, pp ,, No ,, 13(2), pp ,, 29(1), pp ,, 16, pp , 40

42 , 5, pp ,, 62(6), pp a,, 19(2), pp ,, 20(4), pp ,, No ,, 3, pp ,, 4, pp ,, 12(1), pp ,, 28(2), pp ,, 3, pp ,, 55, pp ,, 55, pp ,, 46, pp , 14, pp ,, 13(2), pp , kumamotoasari.htm, , sigen/ooitaasari.htm, , sigen/ooitaasari.htm,

43 ,, 66(2), ,, 40, pp ,, 59, pp Ludia quinaria, 11, pp.xx-xx. 2004,, 654p. 2005,, pp ,, 27(5), pp , pp ,, 19, pp ,, 14(1), pp ,,45, pp ,,50, pp ,, 59, pp , 42,,, 114p. 2002,, 57 1, pp ,, 40(3), pp ,, 29(1), pp ,, pp ,,17, pp

44 1996,, 44(3), pp ,, 26(1), pp ,, 55, pp Ruditapes philippinarum,, 57(1), pp , 57, pp ,, 33(3), pp ,, 50, pp ,, 28(2), pp ,, pp ,, 37(1), pp ,, 35, pp ,, 33(3), pp ,, 14, pp ,, 42, pp ,, 52, pp ,, 29(1), pp ,, 20, pp ,, 78, pp , 43

45 ( ), 411p. 1997, ( ), 304p. Allen, B.J. and Williams, S.L. (2003 Native eelgrass Zostera marina controls growth and reproduction of an invasive mussel through food limitation, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 254, pp Dame, R. F Ecology of marine bivalves: an ecosystem approach, CRC Marine Science Series, Boca Raton, 254pp. Delgado M. and Camacho A. P : Histological study of the gonadal development of Ruditapes decussates (L.) ( Mollusca: Bivalvia ) and its relationship with available food, 69(1), pp Goto T., Mitamura, O. and Terai, H : Seasonal variation in primary production of microphytobenthos at Isshiki intertidal flat in Mikawa Bay, Limnology, 1(2), pp Inoue, T. and Yamamuro, M : Respiration and ingestion rates of the filter-feeding bivalve Musculista senhousia, Journal of Marine. System, 26, pp Ishii R., Sekiguchi, H. Nakahara, Y. and Jinnai, Y : Larval recruitment of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Ariake Sound, south of Japan, Fisheries Science, 67, pp Ito, H : Observations on digestive tract contents of Japanese surf clam Pseudocardium sybillae, Bull. Hokkaido Natl. Fish. Res. Inst., 61, pp Kakino, J : Dispersal of japanese littleneck clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve ) in relation to changes of bottom level due to wave action on Banzu tidal flat, Tokyo Bay, Fisheries Engineering, 37(2), pp Kanaya, G., Nobata, E., Toya, T. and Kikuchi, E : Effects of different feeding habits of three bivalve, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 299, pp Kasai, A., Horie, H. and Sakamoto, W : Selection of food sources by Ruditapes philippinarum and Mactra veneriformis (Bivalva:Mollusca) determined from stable isotope analysis, Fisheries Science, 70, pp Kasai, A. and Nakata, A Utilization of terrestrial organic matter by the bivalve Corbicula japonica estimated from stable isotope analysis, Fisheries Science, 70, pp Kharlamenko, V.I., Kiyashko, S.I., Imbs, A.B. and Vyshkvartzev, D.I : Identification of food sources of invertebrates from the seagrass Zostera marina community using carbon and sulfur stable isotope ratio and fatty acid analyses, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 220, pp Kim, W.S., Huh, H.T., Rumohr, H. and Koh, C.H : Endogenous circatidal rhythm in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Bivalvia: Veneridae), Marine biology, 134, pp Magni, P. and Montani, S : Development of microalgal assemblages on an intertidal flat 44

46 in Seto Inland Sea, Japan: effect of environmental variability, La mar, 35, pp Meli, P., De Leo, G.A. and Gatto, M : Density and temperature-dependence of vital rates in the Manila clam Tapes philippinarum: a stochastic dmographic model, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 272, pp Meli, P and Gatto, M :A stochastic bioeconomic model for the management of clam farming, Ecological Modelling, 184, pp Miyawaki, D. and Sekiguchi, H : Interannual variation of bivalve population on temperate tidal flats, Fisheries Science, 65, pp Montani, S., Magni, P. and Abe, N : Seasonal and interannual patterns of intertidal microphytobenthos in combination with laboratory and areal production estimates, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 249, pp Montaudouin, X.de 1997 : Potential of bivalves secondary settlement differs with species : a comparison between cockle (Cerastoderma edule ) and clam ( Ruditapes philippinarum ) juvenile resuspension, 128, pp Mukai, H : The importance of primary inhabitants in soft-bottom community organization, Benthos Reserch, 42, pp Pastres, R., Solidorob, C., Cossarinia, G., Canu, D.M. and Dejaka, C : Managing the rearing of Tapes philippinarum in the lagoon of Venice: a decision support system, Ecological Modelling, 138, pp Peterson, C.H Enhancement of Mercenaria mercenaria densitied in seagrass beds: Is pattern fixed during settlement season or altered by subsequent differential survival?, Limnology Oceanography, 31(1), pp Reusch, T.B.H. (1998 Differing effects of eelgrass Zostera marina on recruitment and growth of associated blue mussels Mytilus edulis, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 167, pp Saito, H., Imabayashi, H., Kawai, K. and Cole, V : Time and Energetic Costs of Feeding on Different Sized Prey by The Predatory Polychaete Halla Okudai (Imajima) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 311(2), pp Solidoro, C., Pastres, R., Melaku, C.D., Pellizzato, M. and Rossi, R :Modelling the growth of Tapes philippinarum in Nothern Adriatic lagoons Marine Ecology Progress Series, 199, pp Solidoro, C., Canu, D.M. and Rossic, R Ecological and economic considerations on fishing and rearing of Tapes phillipinarum in the lagoon of Venice, Ecological Modelling, 170, pp Tsutsumi, H., Tsukuda, M., Yoshioka, M., Koga, M., Shinohara, R., Choi, K.S., Cho, S.C., Hong, J.S : Heavy metal contamination in the sediment and its effect on the occurrence of the most dominant bivalve, Ruditapes philippinarum on the tidal flats of Ariake Bay in Kumamoto 45

47 prefecture, the west coast of Kyushu, Japan. Benthos Research, 58, pp Yamamuro, M., Oka, N. and Hiratsuka, J Predation by diving ducks on the biofouling mussel Musculista senhousia in a eutrophic estuarine lagoon, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 174, pp Yokoyama, H. and Ishihi, Y Feeding of the bivalve Theora lubrica on benthic microalgae: isotopic evidence, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 255, pp Weinberg, J.R Density-dependent growth in the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, off the coast of the Delmarva Peninsula USA, Marine Biology, 130, pp

2003海講二次051903

2003海講二次051903 * ** *** **** 3 3 22 8 23 2 8 1 2 3 3, 1998;, 1999;, 22 3 3 22 8 23 2 83.18 mm3 1998 21, 22 3 * ** *** **** Bivalves Phytoplankton 35 45 N Detritus Crustaceans Polychaetes Bacteria Birds Organic Carbon