女性専用フィットネスクラブ選択へ影響を及ぼす要因の質的研究
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1 Qualitative Research for Influential Factors for Women Who Participate in the Women-only Fitness Club Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate influential factors for women who decided to participate in the women-only fitness club, Curves, with a qualitative research method. The qualitative data was collected with the semi-structured interview and analyzed based on the grounded theory approach using the concepts of selfpresentation and the sport/exercise identity theory. The results indicated that there were five influential factors for interviewees to participate in Curves, such as 1) fears of men s eyes toward them in a mixed fitness club, 2) disgust for sweaty smell and body odor of men in a mixed fitness club, 3) the image incongruity between them and typical participants of mixed fitness club, 4) the all fixed exercise program in Curves, and 5) the necessary time of the exercise program, less than 30 minutes, in Curves. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Key words: women-only fitness club, self-presentation, sport/exercise identity, qualitative research Address correspondence to: Kiyotaka Kato Akita International University Yuwa, Akita-city, , Japan kkato@aiu.ac.jp
2 1998 Curves Gary & Daine Heavin 2008 Kim and Mauborgne 2005
3 self-presentation Leary & Kowalski, 1990; Schlenker, 1980, 2003 Goffman 1959 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Baumeister 1982 Baumeister and Tice 1986 Goffman, 1959; Schlenker, 1980, 1985 Baumeister 1982 Leary, 1996; Schlenker, 2003; Schlenker & Weigold, 1992 Arkin & Baumgardner, 1985; Schlenker, 1985, 2003; Schlenker & Pontari, 2000 Leary 1992 Leary 1992 Hausenblas et al., 2004 Brownell, 1991; Conroy et al., 2000; Culos-Reed et al., 2002 Hausenblas et al., 2004 Hayes & Ross, 1987; Crocker el al., 1993 Conroy et al., 2000; Culos-Reed et
4 al., 2002 Conroy et al., 2000; Grove & Dodder, 1982; Leary, 1992 Martin et al Leary, 1992; Leary et al., 1999; Hausenblas et al., 2004 Social Physique Anxiety,SPA Hart et al., 1989 SPA SPA Lantz et al SPA SPA SPA Bain et al., 1989; Leary et al., 1999SPA Spink, 1992 James, 2000; Katula et al., 1998 Bain et al., GTA GTA 2002
5 GTA GTA MAXQDA GTA 2007
6 2007
7 Brooks 1998 Sport/ Exercise Identity Theory SP/EXID
8 SP/EXID SP/EXID Brooks, 1998 SP/EXID SP/EXID SP/EXID SP/EXID SP/EXID
9 SP/EXID Brooks, 1998 SP/EXID SP/EXID
10 SP/EXID Bain et al., 1989; Leary et al., 1999
11 Spink, 1992 Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 Kruisselbrink et al. 2004Walton & Finkenburg 2002Yin 2001 SP/EXID SP/EXID Brooks, 1998 Kang, 2002, 2004 Self-efficacy, Bandura, 1997 Brooks et al. Kang, 2004
12 Kang 2004 physical self-esteem SPA Kim and Mauborgne (2005) impression management Schlenker,
13 Brooks, 1998 Arkin, R. M., & Baumgardner, A. H. (1985) Selfpresentation and self-evaluation: Processes of selfcontrol and social control. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp Bain, L. L., Wilson, T., & Chaikind, E. (1989) Participant perceptions of exercise programs for overweight women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport., 60: Bandura, A. (1997) Self-efficacy. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Baumeister, R. F. (1982) A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin., 91(1): Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1986) Four selves, two motives, and a substitute process self-regulation model. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self. New York: Spring-Verlag. pp Brooks, C. M. (1998) Sport/exercise identity theory and participation marketing: Theory formation and theoretical justification. Sport Marketing Quarterly., 7: Brooks, C. M., Rabara, R., & Fredericsen, S. (1992) How consumers view health and sport club (An IHRSA Report). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Brownell, K. D. (1991) Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology and culture collide. Behavior Therapy., 22: Conroy, E. C., Motl, R. W., & Hall, E. G. (2000) Progress toward construct validation of the self-presentation in exercise questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology., 22: Crocker, J., Cornwell, B., & Major, B. (1993) The stigma of overweight: Affecting consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology., 64(1): Culos-Reed, S., Brawley, L. R., Martin, K. A., & Leary, M. R. (2002) Self-presentation concerns and health behaviors among cosmetic surgery patients. Journal of Applied Social Psychology., 32: : Grove, S. J., & Dodder, R. A. (1982) Constructing measures to assess perceptions of sport functions: An exploratory investigation. International Journal of Sport Psychology., 13: Goffman, E. (1959) The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor. Hart, E. A., Leary, M. R., & Rejeski, W. J. (1989) The measurement of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology., 11: Hayes, D., & Ross, C. E. (1987) Concern with appearance, health beliefs, and eating habits. Journal of Health and Social Behavior., 28: Hausenblas, H. A., Brewer, B. W., & Van Raalte, J. L. (2004) Self-presentation and exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology., 16: James, K. (2000) You can feel them looking at you : The experiences of adolescent girls at swimming pools. Journal of Leisure Research., 32: whats/index.html Kang, J. (2002) A structural model of image-based and utilitarian decision-making processes for participation sport consumption. Journal of Sport Management., 16: Kang, J. (2004) The role of self-esteem in initiating physical activity in consumption situation. Journal of Sport Management., 18: Katula, J. A., McAuley, E., Mihalko, S. L., &Bane, S. M. (1998) Mirror, mirror on the wall Exercise environment influences on self-efficacy. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality., 13: Kim, C. W. & Mauborgne, R. (2005) Blue ocean strategy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Lantz, C. J., Hardy, C., & Ainsworth, B. E. (1997) Social physique anxiety and perceived exercise behavior. Journal of Sport Behavior., 20: Leary, M. R. (1992) Self-presentational processes in exercise and sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology., 14: Leary, M. R. (1996) Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. Boulder: CO: Westview Press. Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990) Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin., 107: Leary, M. R., Tchividijian, L. R., & Kraxberger, B. E.
14 (1999) Self-presentation can be hazardous to your health: Impression management and health risk. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), The self in social psychology. Cleveland, OH: Psychology Press. pp Martin, K. A., Sinden, A. R., & Fleming, J. C. (2000) Inactivity may be hazardous to your image: The effects of exercise participation on impression formation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology., 22: SCQRM Schlenker, B. R. (1980) Impression management: The selfconcept, social identity, and interpersonal relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Schlenker, B. R. (1985) Identity and self-identification. In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life. New York: McGRAW-Hill. pp Schlenker, B. R. (2003) Self-presentation. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity. New York: Guilford Press. pp Schlenker, B. R., & Pontari, B. A. (2000) The strategic control of information: Impression management and self-presentation in daily life. In A. Tesser, R. B. Felson & J. M. Suls (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on self and identity. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. pp Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. (1992) Interpersonal processes involving impression regulation and management. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, Palo Alto: CA: Annual Reviews Inc., 43: Spink, K. S. (1992) Relation on anxiety about social physique to location of participation in physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills., 74: pp Walton, V. R., & Finkenberg, m. E. (2002) Women s bodies, self-perception and physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skill., 94: , 21: Yin, Z. (2001) Setting for exercise and concerns about body appearance of women who exercise. Perceptual and Motor Skill., 93: ( (
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