ESRI Discussion Paper Series No.215

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1 ESRI Discussion Paper Series No.215 社会起業家と社会イノベーション議論の国際的系譜と日本の課題渡辺孝露木真也子 May 2009 内閣府経済社会総合研究所 Economic and Social Research Institute Cabinet Office Tokyo, Japan

2 ESRI ディスカッションペーパーシリーズは内閣府経済社会総合研究所の研究者および外部研究者によって行われた研究成果をとりまとめたものです学界研究機関等の関係する方々から幅広くコメントを頂き今後の研究に役立てることを意図して発表しております論文はすべて研究者個人の責任で執筆されており内閣府経済社会総合研究所の見解を示すものではありません The views expressed in ESRI Discussion Papers are those of the authors and not those of the Economic and Social Research Institute, the Cabinet Office, or the Government of Japan.

3 社会起業家と社会イノベーション議論の国際的系譜と日本の課題 a 渡辺孝 b 露木真也子本稿は内閣府経済社会総合研究所イノベーション政策および政策分析手法に関する国際共同研究社会イノベーション研究会の平成 19 年度成果報告論文をベースとして加筆論点整理したものである a 芝浦工業大学工学マネジメント研究科教授内閣府経済社会総合研究所イノベーション政策および政策分析手法に関する国際共同研究社会イノベーション研究会座長 b 東京工業大学大学院国際的社会起業家育成プログラムコーディネータ内閣府経済社会総合研究所イノベーション政策および政策分析手法に関する国際共同研究社会イノベーション研究会社会起業家研究 WG 研究協力者

4 要旨本研究は国際的に脚光を浴び始め日本でも最近話題となり始めている社会起業家社会イノベーションについて最近までの国際的活動動向および学術的動向をまとめるとともに日本の事例研究を通して日本の課題と政策的含意を取りまとめたものである日本の事例研究では動機と機会に注目しそれぞれの違いによって支援政策も異なってくることを示した

5 Social Entrepreneurs and Social Innovation : International Trend of Research and Japanese Issues Takashi WATANABE Professor, Shibaura Institute of Technology Mayako TSUYUKI Coordinator, Program for Social Entrepreneurship, Tokyo Institute of Technology Abstract We focused on social entrepreneurs and social innovation in which many people are interested internationally and recently in Japan, too. The purpose of this study is to survey the international trend of arguments and extract Japanese unique issues. In the Japanese case study, we found that the supporting systems for social entrepreneurs are different by their motivation and opportunity.

6 NPO/NGO Social Entrepreneurs Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Social Enterprise Social Innovation 2 alternative economy 2 BoP BoP 1

7 3 Disruptive Community Interest Company

8 2.1 Ashoka Bornstein Bill Drayton Ashoka: Innovators for the Public 3 Ashoka Ashoka ,000 4 NPO/NGO Drayton Drayton Ashoka Skoll Foundation Skoll Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship Schwab Jeffrey Skoll Skoll World Forum 3, World Economic Forum Klaus Schwab Dr. Muhammad Yunus The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank and the Idea that Is Helping the Poor to Change Their Lives Harry Chapin Media Awards 3 Bill William Drayton Oxford Yale Law School McKinsey & Company EPA Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Gloria de Souza de Souza 20 Environment Study, EVS Ashoka Parisar Asha Hope for the environment 1980 EVS MIT 2006 Innovation 5 ebay 3

9 116 Ashoka Social Enterprise Harvard MBA HBS 1990 John Whitehead 6 HBS 10 Austin et al., 2003 James E. Austin 7 Change the world 8 Social Enterprise 1993 Social Enterprise Initiative SEI 9 Duke J. Gregory Dees SEI Social Enterprise Social Entrepreneur Robert S. Kaplan SEI 10 Social Enterprise Club Kennedy School of Government The Boston Consulting Group, Inc. 3 1,000 Social Enterprise Knowledge Network 2001 Austin et al. 6 Goldman, Sachs & Co. 38 Securities Industry Association The Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Case Western Reserve University Nonprofit Management and Leadership 8 Austin et al., Austin et al.,

10 2006 Stanford 2000 Public Management Program Center for Social Innovation 11 Stanford Social Innovation Review Dees et al J. Gregory Dees HBS SEI Jed Emerson Roberts Enterprise Development Fund 2002 Dees Duke Fuqua School of Business Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship CASE social co-operatives 1996 EU 15 EMES European Research Network 4 Borzaga & Defourny The Socio-economic Performance of Social Enterprises in the Field of Integration by Work PERSE Nyssens 2006 Social Enterprise Skoll Oxford Saïd Business School Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Social Entrepreneurship Teaching Resources Handbook Debbi D.Brock and the Berea College Entrepreneurship for the Public Good program, Ashoka s Global Academy for Social Entrepreneurship,

11 Entrepreneur 1980 Dennis R. Young Yale Young, Harvard Social Enterprise regardless of their legal forms 14 nonprofit not for profit charity Frumkin (1) Social Entrepreneurs (2) (1) (2) (3) Social Capital 14 Austin et al.,

12 (1) (4) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) Nyssens co-operative Harvard Social Enterprise Initiative J. Austin Austin et al Dees & Anderson 2002 Austin et al EMES Borzaga & Defourny, EMES Nyssens WISEs Work Integration Social Enterprises 162 WISEs NPO EMES 7

13 Kerlin Schwab Pamela Hartigan Jeroo Billimoria Hartigan & Billimoria 2005 Dees et al Dees et al Say, Schumpeter, Drucker, Stevenson 4 4 J. Gregory Dees Schwab Foundation Skoll Foundation Spear 2006 Innovative 8

14 15 Bornstein Ashoka 1 Gloria de Souza Bornstein 2004 Martin & Osberg ebay Pierre Omidyar Apple Steve Jobs Opportunity Outcome Activist 2 2 Dees & Anderson Dees et al Jed Emerson Roberts Enterprise Development Fund REDF Bill Drayton Ashoka Martin & Osberg 2007 Enterprising Social Innovation CaféDirect Delancey Street Foundation Grameen Bank 15 VC Start-ups ICT VC 16 Roger Martin Skoll Sally Osberg Skoll CEO 9

15 Virginia Eastern Shore Corporation Habitat for Humanity Yunus & Weber 2007 Market Failure Yunus 1998 Social Stock market Bottom of Pyramid BoP Bottom of Pyramid Prahalad Hart Prahalad 2003, Hart 2005 BRICs Top of Pyramid 17 10

16 Bottom of Pyramid Yunus Prahalad Hart BoP Bottom of Pyramid KickStart 18 n-logue 19 LifeStraw 20 Simanis & Hart, 2006 Jhunjhunwala et al., 2004 Boyer, 2003 BoP 3 Bottom of Pyramid Nick Moon Martin Fisher , GDP 0.6 GDP OB KIOSK 20 M. V. Frandsen Vestergaard Frandsen 11

17 3.1 Innovare Porter, 1990 Tidd et al., 2001 Utterback 1994 Christensen 1997 Christensen 1997 IBM IBM Radical 2 Sustaining Disruptive

18 3.2 Rogers 2003 Late Majority Innovators Early Adopters Early Majority 13

19 4.1 Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs Intrapreneurs VC VC 14

20 Dees et al Nicholls 2005 Legitimacy 4 Pragmatic Moral Cognitive Regulatory 5 Pragmatic Moral Cognitive Regulatory

21 4.1.2 NPO Schwab Outstanding Social Entrepreneurs

22 DAFDAF Rogers 2003 Early Majority IPO ,

23 3 4.3 Early Adopters Early Majority Moore Chasm 7 Moore Chasm 6 Ashoka : Innovators for the Public Ashoka Schwab 18

24 60 Ashoka Schwab Skoll Motivation Opportunity

26 Motivation 1 13 Opportunity

27 4 6 (1) Alternative Market Alternative Economy (2) (3) (1) (2) NPO 4 Nicholls 2005 Legitimacy 6.1 Community Interest Companies Community Interest Companies CIC CIC European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1 EU 1996 European Social Charter Article 30 22

28 CIC CIC 2005 Community Interest Company Regulations 2005 CIC CIC CIC Companies Act Companies Act CIC CIC CIC a private company limited by shares OPM/Compass Partnership DTI 2002 Cabinet Office Regulator The Community Interest Company Regulations

29 a private company limited by guarantee a public limited company 3 CIC CIC CIC CIC CIC CIC Community Interest Test Asset Lock 2 Regulator CIC 2 Double Dividend Cap 1 2 cap on dividends CIC CIC 2005 Regulator CIC 2, CIC CIC CIC CIC CIC Regulator Office

30 3 NPO CIC CIC CIC CIC CIC CIC CIC (2) (3) 25

31 Ashoka CIC 6.3 Ashoka Grameen Bank Muhammad Yunus Rare Breed Dees, Ashoka: Innovators for the Public 26

32 Ashoka Skoll

33 28

34 James Austin, Cate Reavis, Stacey Childress, The Harvard Business School Social Enterprise Initiative at the Ten-Year Mark, Harvard Business School Publishing, James Austin, Roberto Gutiérrez, Enrique Ogliastri and Ezequiel Reficco ed., Effective Management of Social Enterprises: Lessons from Businesses and Civil Society Organizations in Iberoamerica, Harvard University Press, James Austin, Howard Stevenson and Jane Wei-Skillern, Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, January 2006, 30(1), pp Kathy Baker, Mapping the Social Firm Sector 2005, Social Firms UK, Carlo Borzaga and Jacques Defourny ed., The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Routledge, 2001 EU David Bornstein, How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas, Oxford University Press, Nicole-Anne Boyer, The Base of Pyramid (BOP): Reperceiving Business from the Bottom Up, GBN Working Paper, May 2003, pp.1-20, Global Business Network. Cabinet Office, Private Action, Public Benefit: A Review of Charities and the Wider Not-For-Profit Sector, September 2002, Prime Minister s Strategy Unit of UK Cabinet Office. Capacity, Childcare: good business for families and communities, NDNA, Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, Communities Scotland, A social enterprise strategy for Scotland: a consultation, Communities Scotland, Council of Europe, European Social Charter Revised, European Treaty Series, 1996, 3(163), Strasbourg. J. Gregory Dees, Miriam Haas and Peter Haas, The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship, Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, J. Gregory Dees, Jed Emerson and Peter Economy, Strategic Tools for Social Entrepreneurs: Enhancing the Performance of Your Enterprising Nonprofit, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., J. Gregory Dees with Beth Battle Anderson, For-Profit Social Ventures, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, Special Issue 2002, 2(1), pp.1-26, Senate Hall Academic Publishing. J. Gregory Dees, Beth Battle Anderson, Framing a Theory of Social Entrepreneurship: Building on Tow Schools of Practice and Thought, Research on Social Entrepreneurship: Understanding and Contributing to an Emerging Field, ARNOVA Occasional Paper Series, 2006, 1(3), pp Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields, American Sociological Review, April 1983, 48(2), pp , American 29

35 Sociological Association. William Drayton, Everyone a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship s Ultimate Goal, Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, Winter 2006, 1(1), MIT Press. DTI, Social Enterprise: A Strategy for Success, Department of Trade and Industry, DTI, Enterprise for Communities: Proposals for a Community Interest Company, Department of Trade and Industry, DTI, Community Interest Companies: An Introduction to Community Interest Companies, Department of Trade and Industry, DTI, Community Interest Companies: The Regulator of Community Interest Companies, Department of Trade and Industry, a. DTI, The Community Interest Company Regulations 2005: Consultation response for the consultation beginning on 11 October 2004 and ending on 4 January 2005, The Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies, Department of Trade and Industry, b. DTI, Community Interest Companies: Forming and Running a Community Interest Company, Department of Trade and Industry, c. Matthew Flinders, The Politics of Public-Private Partnerships, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2005, 7(2), pp Peter Frumkin, On Being Nonprofit: A Conceptual and Policy Primer, Harvard University Press, Stuart L. Hart, Capitalism at the Crossroads: Aligning Business, Earth, and Humanity, Wharton School Publishing, 2005 Second edition in Pamela Hartigan and Jeroo Billimoria, Social entrepreneurship an overview, Alliance Magazine, March 2005, 10(1), Alliance Publishing Trust. JETRO LONDON 2005,. Ashok Jhunjhunwala, n-logue The Story of a Rural Service Provider in India, The Journal of Community Informatics, 2004, 1(1), pp Janelle A. Kerlin, Social Enterprise in the United States and Europe: Understanding and Learning from the Differences, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, September 2006, 17(3), pp , International Society for Third-Sector Research and the Johns Hopkins University. Mark R. Kramer, Measuring Innovation: Evaluation in the Field of Social Entrepreneurship, Foundation Strategy Group, Roger L. Martin and Sally Osberg, Social Entrepreneurship: Case for Definition, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Sprig 2007, pp Geoffrey A. Moore, Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling High-Tech Products to Mainstream Customers, Harper Business,

36 EU No.561 pp.12-28, Alex Nicholls, Measuring Impact in Social Entrepreneurship: New Accountabilities to Stakeholders and Investors? Working Paper Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Said Business School University of Oxford, Marthe Nyssens ed., Social Enterprise: At the Crossroads of Market, Public Policies and Civil Society, Routledge, Welfare to work No.560 pp.1-21, OPM and Compass Partnership, Infrastructure Strategy for the Voluntary and Community Sector, Compass Partnership, Michael E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, C. K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Strategy +Business, C. K. Prahalad, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Wharton School Publishing, Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations Fifth Edition, Free Press, Erik Simanis and Stuart L. Hart, Expanding Possibilities at the Base of Pyramid, innovations, Winter Roger Spear, Social Entrepreneurship: a Different Model?, International Journal of Social Economics, 2006, 33(5/6), Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Roger Spear, The Community Interest Company(CIC): a New Form of UK Social Enterprise, Boletín de CIES electrónico, Mes de Septiembre del 2005, (29), pp Joe Tidd, John Bessant and Keith Pavitt, Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2001 NTT NPO, James M. Utterback, Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation: How Companies Can Seize Opportunities in the Face of Technological Change, Harvard Business School Press, step MOT, pp Dennis R. Young, Casebook of Management for Nonprofit organizations: Entrepreneurship and Organizational Change in Human Services, Haworth Press Inc.,

37 Muhammad Yunus, Social Business Entrepreneurs Are the Solution, Muhammad Yunus and Karl Weber, Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism, PublicAffairs,

社会イノベーション研究/社会起業家WG 報告書

社会イノベーション研究/社会起業家WG 報告書 2 2-1 Entrepreneurs Innovare Porter, 1990 Tidd et al., 2001 Utterback1994Christensen1997 Christensen1997 IBM 19 2 IBM Radical 2 SustainingDisruptive 1837 1920 1947 1972 Radical Sustaining Technology Disruptive