word S V O
傍 擠 isolating language SVO a b
E. The simplest at least the most economical method of conveying some sort of grammatical notion is to juxtapose two or more words in a definite sequence without making any attempt by inherent modification of these words to establish a connection between them. Sapir : SVO a The children saw the gosling. b The gosling saw the children. Lehmann The children the gosling see saw seen foot feet goose geese case inflection I beat him *Him beat I
a femina hominem videt b hominem femina videt c hominem videt femina d videt femina hominem Sapir : femina hominem a em Vennemann SOV SVO Comrie : 214, 5 SOV Hawkins Early Immediate Constituent Hawkins drift processing
θ preference conventionalize SOV SVO SVO, Hawkins 2004 Vennemann Lehmann OV VO OV VO 擠 Lehmann1978 : 16-18 Basic sentence pattern phom kin khâaw 傾 Adpositional pattern thîi b risàt Relative constructions ná s m thîi kháw kh ian 亟 慕 m
Genitive constructions rót kh phom 概 Descriptive adjectives bâan mày 型 Name with title?aacaan bùtsabaa 弗 inconsistent Li and Thompson1989 : 23-6 SVO SVO SVO SOV SOV OV VO 鯰
adpositional pattern Li and Thompson SOV a b maa [càak yîipùn] c b SOV adpositon PP+V valence voice aspect tense mood 擠 clitic
causative : a b a kháw chìik kradàat khàat. b kháw ji nók taai kradàat nók a b yùu l o
a. kháw fa dontrii yùu. b ph om thaan khâao l o. a *kháw fa yùu dontrii. b *phom thaan l o khâao. demotion a b * c? b c
a b a b Li and Thompson ch.16 OV 装 Shibatani agent defocusing
a John broke the window b The window was broken a tamrùat càp phûráay. b phuuráay thùuk tamrùat càp. PAS b b thùuk thùuk a dèk tham naalikaa t k. b *naalikaa tham t k. c naalikaa thùuk dèk tham t k. a naalikaa b c thùuk dèk
ed be+p.p. thùuk b a 宝序 扮 b 敬 需 c 宸 一 a b c VO OV
cross linguistic word sentence clause 斑 公 傾 constituent Sapir 1921 : 38 all languages have an inherent tendency to economy of expression Were this tendency entirely inoperative there would be no grammar OV VO Greenberg S
Comrie BS M 彑 衰 遊 遊 遊 弗 断 BEI Robins R H 装 囂 窃 肆 貿 斑 暦 慕鋼 装 鯖 嚔 糞 13 査囂囂 匡 暦 慕鋼
擠 査囂囂 煽 蓑 窟 強 鯰 編胎査囂 強炎芝恢 囂 強 囂 Comrie Bernard.. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. Second edition. Blackwell : Oxford. Greenberg, J. H.. Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements. in Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Language. MIT Press. 58-90. Hawkins, J. A.. A Performance Theory of Order and Constituency. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics. Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars. Oxford UP Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J.. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London Longman. Shibatani, M.. Passives and Related Constructions A Prototype Analysis. Language. Sapir, Edward.. Language : An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York Harcourt Brace. E. Lehmann, W. P.. A Structual Principle of Language and its Implications. Language.. Lehmann, W. P., ed.. Syntactic Typology. University of Texas Press. Li, C. N. and S. A. Thompson.. Mandarin Chinese A Functional Reference Grammar. University of California Press Berkeley. Vennemann. Analogy in Generative Grammar The Origin of Word Order, in Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Linguists. Mulino Bologna.