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2013 24 2013 2 16 1996 68 69 110 3 58 67 16 2013 3 61 70 3 Vol. 41, No. 6 2007 11 1 12 23 2012 119 130 See also, Anatoly Zolotukhin, Russia s Polar Oil and Gas Potential, Myron H. Nordquist, Tomas H. Heidar and John Norton Moore eds., Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, Martinus Nijhoff, 2010, pp. 523 532. 4 1 82 96 1 23 38 5 R 1 4 18 6 2000 1409 2010 86 94 1 19 21 7 R. Douglas Brubaker, The Russian Arctic Straits, Brill, 2005, pp. 23 41; Ted L. McDorman, Salt Water Neighbors: International Ocean Law Relations between the United States and Canada, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 233 238. 6 1 2 3 4 8 Michael Byers, International Law and the Arctic, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 56 91. McDorman, supra note 7, pp. 115 154. 9 Michael Byers, Who Owns the Arctic?: Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North, Douglas & McIntyre, 2009, pp. 22 35. 6 29 4 10 1 157 159 11 4 2010 3 31 44 110 3 27 48 12 2 3 13 No. 627 2013 12 17
2008 132 140 59 85 14 Brubaker, supra note 7, pp. 33 41; E. J. Molenaar, Arctic Marine Shipping: Overview of the International Legal Framework, Gaps and Options, Journal of Transnational Law & Policy, Vol. 18 2009, pp. 289 325; R. Douglas Brubaker, The Arctic Navigational Issues under International Law of the Sea, The Yearbook of Polar Law, Vol. 2 2010, pp. 7 114; McDorman, supra note 7, pp. 207 280; Byers, supra note 8, pp. 128 170 15 1992 64 67 16 61 63 17 2010 73 82 18 6 23 1 2 76 77 Brubaker, supra note 7, pp. 1 24 6 28 3 2 78 79 McDorman, supra note 7, pp. 225 280 19 115 17 44 45 20 44 21 McDorman, supra note 7, pp. 233 238 6 29 4 22 Brubaker, supra note 7, p. 39; 6 25 2 2 74 75 23 234 Kristin Bartenstein, The Arctic Exception in the Law of the Sea Convention: A Contribution to Safer Navigation in the Northwest Passage? Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 42, Issue 1 2, 2011, pp. 22 52 24 54 6 2005 1295 1337 25 17 116 150 13 59 85 16 26 37 26 Zolotukhin, supra note 3, pp. 523 532. 27 JOGMEC 2006 8 23 2 60 62 28 4 2 35 2 2007 169 175 29 Igor V. Stepanov, Peter Ørebech and R. Douglas Brubaker, Legal Implications for the Russian Northern Sea Route and Westward in the Barents Sea, FNI Fridtjof Nansens No. 627 2013 12 18
Institute Report, No. 4 2005 WTO 30 2009 1999 2000 31 2010 101 119 32 Suzanne Lalonde and Frédéric Lasserre, The Position of the United States on the Northwest Passage: Is the Fear of Creating a Precedent Warranted? Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 44, No. 1 2013, pp. 28 72. 33 N. C. Howson, Breaking the ice: the Canadian-American dispute over the Arctic s Northwest Passage, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 26 1988, pp. 337 375; McDorman, supra note 7, pp. 241 244, 261. 34 1970 1985 2 54 4 2007 216 218 221 225 35 Agreement on Arctic Cooperation and Exchange of Notes concerning Transit of the Northwest Passage Canada-United States of America signed and entered into force 11 January 1988, ILM International Legal Materials, Vol. 28 1989. 36 4 37 2 58 60 38 National Security Presidential Directive 66 NSPD-66 /Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD- 25. U. S. Navy Arctic Roadmap October 2009 http://www.navy.mil/navydata/documents/ USN_artic_roadmap.pdf 39 2 59 40 34 16 14 25 Kristin Bartenstein, Navigating the Arctic: The Canadian NORDREG, the International Polar Code and Regional Cooperation, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 54 2011, pp. 77 124 41 McDorman, supra note 7, pp. 233 238. 42 http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/marinesafety/debs-arctic-acts-regulations-menu- 2272.htm 43 40 17 18 44 NORDREG 40 18 19 Bartenstein, supra note 40, pp. 77 124 45 See, Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations, SOR/2010-127, 2010; Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 144, No. 13, 23 June 2010. 46 2 ; W. Dunlap, Transit Passage in the Russian Arctic Straits, Maritime Briefing, Vol. 1, No. 7 1996, p. 19; 40 20 24 Brubaker, supra note 7 47 2 60 62 48 http://www.morflot.ru/about/sevmorput/ No. 627 2013 12 19
40 20 49 40 20 21 50 Dunlap, supra note 46, p. 18. 51 Ibid., pp. 52 53. 52 40 23 53 Evan T. Bloom, Establishment of the Arctic Council, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, No. 3 1999, pp. 712 722; Timo Koivurova and David VanderZwaag, The Arctic Council at 10 Years: Retrospect and Prospects, University of British Columbia Law Review, Vol. 40 2007, pp.121 193. 1 97 115 110 3 71 94 2 2013 4 6 117 127 54 Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council, Sept. 19, 1996. AC arctic-council.org 55 Bloom, supra note 53, pp. 714, 721 722. 56 See supra note 54. 57 2 2010 144 148 58 AC 53 53 117 127 59 53 120 127 60 Arctic Council, Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment PAME Working Group, Guidelines for Transfer of Refined Oil and Oil Products in Arctic Waters, November 2004. 61 Arctic Council, PAME Working Group, Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Guidelines, April. 29, 2009. 62 Arctic Council, Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, 12 May 2011, ILM, Vol. 50 2011. 63 SAR 10 2011 9 26 32 64 63 27 65 3 50 5 5 63 27 28 66 Arctic Council, Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution, Preparedness and Response in the Arctic 2013. 67 63 29 30 68 17 134 135 69 Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-Covered Waters MSC/Circ.1056-MEPC/Circ.399, 2002. 70 MARPOL SOLAS IACS 13 78 79 71 International Association of Classification Societies IACS, Requirements concerning POLAR CLASS, IACS Req. 2006/Rev.1, 2007 Corr. 1 Oct. 2007, UR I1-I3 http://www.iacs.org.uk/document/public/ publications/unified_requirements/pdf/ur_i_pdf410.pdf. 72 International Maritime Organization IMO, Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, 2010. No. 627 2013 12 20
73 40 36 37 74 Arctic Ocean Conference, the Ilulissat Declaration, May 28, 2008. 75 Ibid., para. 4 76 16 51 77 European Parliament, Resolution of 9 October 2008 on Arctic Governance 2010/C 9 E/07. 78 Commission of the European Communities, The European Union and the Arctic Region, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM 763 2008. 79 Ibid, p.11 80 European Union, EU Joint communication: Developing a European Union Policy towards the Arctic Region: progress since 2008 and next steps, JOIN 2012, 19 final. 81 6 42 43 1 B 2008 2010 23 24 2 30 nishimot a isc.senshu-u.ac.jp a @ No. 627 2013 12 21