060-0810 Sapir-Whorf 10 7 1
Linguistic-cultural relativity of cognition: Rethinking the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Takafumi TSUKASAKI and Keiko ISHII (Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University) The validity of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the claim that structural differences in language influence cognition, has been examined in a body of empirical research on color memory and counterfactual thinking. A review of previous research in this area suggests that the meaning encoded in the structure of language does indeed influence cognition. Moreover, this paper reviews concurrent evidence in cultural psychology showing that not only is cognition influenced by meaning reflected in the structure of language, but also by naive theories and daily practices of a given culture (e.g., independent self and analytical thinking in West and interdependent self and holistic thinking in East). Implications for the future direction in the language, culture, and cognition research are discussed. Keywords: Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language, culture, meaning, cognition 2
Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf 3
Sapir-Whorf Sapir Whorf Sapir-Whorf 18 Whorf Whorf, 1956 Sapir-Whorf, 2000; Lucy, 1992b Sapir-Whorf 4 Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf 1 Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf Lenneberg 1950 4
Berlin Kay Heider Heider (Heider, 1972) 5 8 160 11 mili mola 2 2 8 Berlin and Kay (1969) 8 8 Sapir-Whorf Heider (1972) Lucy & Shweder, 1979; Roberson, Davies, & Davidoff, 2000 Lucy and Shweder (1979) Heider (1972) Roberson et al. (2000) Heider (1972) 1 5 Heider (1972) Berlin and Kay (1969) Roberson et al. (2000) 5
Nol Wor Sapir-Whorf, 1991 25 98 1 1 8 Berlin and Kay (1969) 8 Bloom (1981) Bloom (1981) If she came earlier, she would catch the train. if 6
She is late. If she comes earlier, she will catch the train. Bloom (1981) e.g., Au, 1983; Takano, 1989 Au (1983) Bloom (1981) Bloom (1981) Bloom (1981) Takano (1989) Bloom (1981) Boroditsky (2001) 2 e.g., (e.g., The black ball is above the white ball.) 2 (e.g., March comes earlier than April.) 7
2 1 (Imai & Gentner, 1997; Lucy, 1992a)Imai and Gentner (1997) a glass of water Imai and Gentner (1997) 3 2 2 4 3 dax C C 2 2 dax 8
dax 2 Sapir-Whorf 3 2 2 Sapir-Whorf 9
Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf cf. Chomsky, 1992; Pinker, 1993 Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf Hunt and Agnoli (1991) Imai and Gentner (1997) Gumperz and Levinson (1996) Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf Gumperz Levinson Rethinking linguistic relativity Sapir-Whorf (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996) Sapir-Whorf 10
Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf 1 Sapir-Whorf Markus and Kitayama (1991), 1998 11
Hall (1976) Scollon and Scollon (1995) (1998) Nisbett, Peng, Choi, and Norenzayan (2001) Nisbett et al. (2001) Sapir-Whorf Nisbett et al. (2001) 12
4 4 Abel and Hsu (1949) Abel and Hsu 2 Abel and Hsu (1949) Masuda and Nisbett (2001) Masuda and Nisbett 3 3 Kitayama, Duffy, Kawamura, and Larsen (2003) Framed-Line-Test FLT FLT 13
2 1 2 1 2 Abel and Hsu (1949) Kitayama, Nisbett, Tsukasaki, and Hedden (2003) Norenzayan, Smith, Kim, and Nisbett (2002) 4 2 1 14
4 1 2 Kitayama (Ishii, Reyes, & Kitayama, 2003; Kitayama & Ishii, 2002) Kitayama Ishii et al. (2003) 1 15
Ishii et al. (2003) 2 1 1 Sapir-Whorf 4 16
Sapir-Whorf (Bruner, 1990) Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf (Nisbett et al., 2001) Sapir-Whorf Lucy 17
Tomasello, 1999 (cf. Ishii et al., 2003) 2 18
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1, 1998, p.34 Sapir-Whorf Whorf (1956) Whorf (1956) Whorf Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf 2 Sapir-Whorf Ishii et al. (2003) 22
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Sapir-Whorf 1. 24