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- きよあつ ながだき
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1 29 1 8
2
3 i BGO BGO BGO BGO
4 ii BGO
5 iii ( ) 2 ( ) BGO PMT PMT BGO 137 Cs ( ) ( ) BGO A( ) B( ) 137 Cs ESR PTE ( ) ( ) A( ) B( ) 137 Cs BGO ( ) ESR( ) PMT ( ) ( ) mm A( ) B( ) 137 Cs BGO
6 iv 4.2 SpaceWire BGO BGO PMT BGO BGO 137 Cs BGO ( ) BGO ( ) Cs BGO ( ) ( )X BGO BGO BGO 662 kev BGO 3 Gaussian BGO BGO 137 Cs BGO PMT 137 Cs 2 PMT BGO PMT PMT Cs BGO BGO 137 Cs R Cs H
7 v BGO R C BGO No.3 ( ) ( ) R R6231 BGO BGO ( ) ( ) 3 Gaussian BGO BGO R Cs Cs H R6231 H H Cs BGO
8 vi mm PJU-FB
9 Rossi X [1] X X X X kev MeV 1.1 X kev Newton (1999 ) Chandara (1999 ) kev kev X (HXD) [2] 213 Astro-H 8 kev X [3] MeV EGRET (1991 ) (28 ) GLAST EGRET kev MeV CGRO(Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory) COMPTEL (1991 ) 1 2
10 [4] COMPTEL MeV 1 MeV
11 X [1] X X (S/N Signal/Noise ratio) X 2.1.2
12 4 2 X X 2.2 CSA X X (HXD)
13 2.2 5 GSO(Gd 2 SiO 5 ) BGO(Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 ) [2] ( ) ( ) 3 () NaI CsI 2.1
14 Bethe ( ) de dx ( = 2πe4 NZ m v 2 ln m v 2 ) E 2I 2 (1 β 2 ) (ln 2)(2 1 β β 2 ) (2.1) m v e N Z I 2.6 ns 2.2.3
15 [5] [nm] [µs] [photons/kev] NaI(Tl) CsI(Tl) BGO GSO YAP [6] θ c 2.2 (n 1 ) (n 2 ) 2
16 8 2 NA(Numerical Aperture) n 2 1 n2 2 n θ max ( 1) NA= n sin θ max NA n 2 n µm
17 NA kev (Ge) 1 cm [7] Ge.7 ev
18 2 Ge (CdTe) [8] Astro-H kev MeV Anger [9] 1 [] [11] CCD[12] 2.5
19 11 3 [13] Geant4 [14] BGO 3.1 Geant Z = µ 1 ɛ 1 µ 2 ɛ 2 n 1 = µ1 µ ɛ 1 ɛ and n 2 = µ2 µ ɛ 2 ɛ (3.1)
20 12 3 µ ɛ Snell () θ i θ r θ t θ i = θ r (3.2) sin θ i = n 2 sin θ t n 1 (3.3) n 1 > n 2 θ c = arcsin(n 2 /n 1 ) n 1 < n 2 n 1 > n 2 θ i < θ c E i E r E t E r = n µ 1 cos θ i 1 µ 2 n 2 2 n2 1 sin2 θ i (3.4) E i n 1 cos θ i + µ 1 n 2 2 n2 1 sin2 θ i E t E i = E r E i = E t E i = µ 2 2n 1 cos θ i (3.5) n 1 cos θ i + µ 1 µ 2 n 2 2 n2 1 sin2 θ i µ 1 µ 2 n 2 2 cos θ i n 1 n 2 2 n2 1 sin2 θ i (3.6) µ 1 µ 2 n 2 2 cos θ i + n 1 n 2 2 n2 1 sin2 θ i 2n 1 n 2 cos θ i (3.7) µ 1 µ 2 n 2 2 cos θ i + n 1 n 2 2 n2 1 sin2 θ i Poynting S J i = S i cos θ i = c 4π ɛ1 µ 1 E 2 i cos θ i (3.8) c = 1/ ɛ µ J r = c 4π ɛ1 µ 1 E 2 i cos θ r and J t = c 4π ɛ2 µ 2 E 2 i cos θ t (3.9) R = J r J i = E2 r T = J t J i = E 2 i ɛ2 µ 1 cos θ t Et 2 ɛ 1 µ 2 cos θ i Ei 2 n 2 n 1 cos θ t cos θ i E 2 t E 2 i (3.) (3.11) µ 1 R + T = G4OpBoundaryProcess
21 Lambert di r (θ r ) di i = cos θ r (3.12) θ r I i I r 2 [15] G4OpticalSurface Lambert
22 BGO 2 BGO (4 8 3cm 3 ) BGO(Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 ) (PMT) BGO BGO 2.15 PMT R PMT 8V CP2869 ORTEC57 1 µs 5 AMPTEK 8A ADC 3.3 BGO(BGO A) PMT PMT PMT 3.3 2
23 BGO PMT BGO PMT BGO (48 nm) BGO 2.15 BGO PMT (OKEN 6262A) PMT 1.5
![16 3 3. Fresnel.1% BGO m [16] Saint-Gobain 4 m 3.4 3.](/docs-images/92/109118424/images/24-0.jpg "1 BGO 3.4 PMT 3.4 3.1 PMT [%] BGO [%] [%] 25.1 5.9 24. 28.9 51.2 19.")
24 Fresnel.1% BGO m [16] Saint-Gobain 4 m BGO 3.4 PMT PMT [%] BGO [%] [%] PMT 25.1% 28.9% 1.15 PMT 7
25 BGO PMT θ θ PMT PMT BGO 43 = arcsin(1.453/2.15) θ BGO 28 θ < 43 PMT θ < 43 PMT 28 < θ < 43 PMT 1 (1 + cos cos 43 ) =.21 (3.13) 2 BGO PMT BGO PMT PMT 137 C kev 2% 15% PMT BGO 3.4
26 18 3 normalized count ADC channel 3.5 PMT BGO 137 Cs Geant4 G4OpticalSurface 2 α[rad] α = α α 3 1 PMT 2 PMT 3 α
27 (1) α 3.7 PMT θ i > θ c (α=) PMT (2),(3) α PMT PMT efficiency surface roughness 3.6 ( ) ( ) PMT 3.7 ( ) ( ) α (1)
28 mm 2 1 ( 3.8) BGO B PMT PMT % α =.12 BGO PMT BGO A B normalized count ADC channel 3.9 A( ) B( ) 137 Cs
29 ESR ESR(Enhanced Specular Reflector) ESR ESR BGO (48 nm) [15] 3. 98% WL & HXD BGO (PTFE) PTFE 99% 1 mm 98% [17] 3 1 mm PTFE Lambert [15] 3. ESR PTE PMT
30 22 3 efficiency count reflectivity reflection count 3.11 ( ) ( ) A A B B µm BGO ESR Lambert ( ) % PMT 3.11( ) % ESR 3 98% % 18% BGO ESR BGO A B 2 BGO PMT
31 normalized count normalized count ADC channel ADC channel 3.12 A( ) B( ) 137 Cs ( 3.5 ) ESR 3.2 BGO ( µm) (3 µm) A 9% 13% 29% ESR 24% 16% 32% B 19% 15% 29% ESR 32% 18% 32% A B 9% 19% 98 % Lambert 11% 12% ESR 24% 32% 98% % ( 3.11) ESR µm ESR 3.6
32 BGO ( ) ESR( ) PMT 3.6 BGO BGO PMT PMT mm 3 µm 2 4% mm 2 3 mm ( 3 µm ) PMT 137 Cs 3.17
33 3.6 BGO 25 efficiency clearance[mm] 3.14 A A B B 3.15 ( ) ( ) 3.3 BGO ESR
34 mm mm BGO A 36% 4% ESR 41% 38% B 41% 41% ESR 42% 42% normalized count normalized count ADC channel ADC channel 3.17 A( ) B( ) 137 Cs 3 mm ESR
35 % BGO 2 ( ESR)
36 28 4 BGO 4.1 BGO BGO MeV 1 [] [18] [19] Z E σ Z 4 E 3.5 Z 3 BGO (7.13 g/cm 3 ) 83 BGO φ µm BGO [2] BGO BGO ( 4.1) 14 BGO 6µm 14 mm
37 4.1 BGO BGO BGO 3 R SpaceWire 4.2 SpaceWire (2-4 Mbps) SpaceWire SpaceWire SpaceWire SpaceWire (I/F) SpaceCubeSpaceWire I/F SpaceCube Remote Memory Access Protocol(RMAP) RMAP SpaceWire I/F FIFO 4.2 PMT 8 ADC SpaceWire I/F PC SpaceWire C++ [21] SpaceWire 4.2 SpaceCube SpaceWire TCP/IP
38 3 4 BGO 4.2 SpaceWire BGO PC ADC [22] 4 12bit ADC 8 5 MHz UserFPGA AD AD Pocket MCA BGO 4.3 PMT PMT ESR HV 9V 1 µs 137 Cs 4.4 BGO 3 BGO B
39 4.1 BGO BGO PMT count ADC channel Cs BGO 3 BGO BGO ESR 3.6 3mm BGO ADC Cs 662 kev BGO ADC BGO 84% +Gaussian 662 kev BGO 9.% = BGO 28.5% PMT ADC
40 32 4 BGO count 25 2 count ADC channel ADC channel 4.5 BGO ( ) BGO ( ) Gaussian+ (χ 2 /) (2.2/21) (61.5/4) BGO BGO ADC ( 9.8%) X (1) BGO BGO BGO (2) (3) (4) 1 cm BGO X 4.3
41 4.1 BGO 33 count ADC channel Cs BGO BGO BGO BGO ADC ( 5%) 2 BGO BGO cm BGO BGO BGO 1 1 BGO 14 mm PMT 14 mm BGO BGO
42 34 4 BGO BGO 14 BGO BGO ( 2) BGO 4.3 BGO α 1 BGO Rayleigh 3 4 m BGO (α = ) (α = 1) α % 94% BGO BGO ( ESR 44%) BGO BGO BGO % BGO % PMT BGO
43 BGO BGO BGO BGO BGO 41% efficiency roughness 4.7 BGO BGO BGO 4.8 BGO BGO 4.9 BGO (α = ) BGO α = α =.1 α = α =.1 BGO BGO α =.1 4.9
44 36 4 BGO efficiency position[mm] 4.8 α = 1 α = 1 α = Gaussian % =.11 11% 1% α X ( 3,4) X BGO 4. BGO(7.13[g/cm 3 ]) 1 MeV µm BGO X BGO
45 y[mm] count x[mm] efficiency y[mm] count x[mm] efficiency y[mm] count x[mm] efficiency 4.9 α = α =.1 α =.1 BGO
46 38 4 BGO 4. [5] X BGO Z Bi(Z = 83) X Z 4 Z Bi K α 75 kev BGO 4. *1.7 mm BGO X X BGO *1
47 Geant4 kev MeV Geant X Auger X X 4.1 G4LowEnergyPhotoElectric G4LowEnergyCompton G4LowEnergyGammaConversion G4LowEnergyRayleigh G4LowEnergyIonisation G4MultipleScattering G4LowEnergyBremsstrahlung G4eIonisation G4MultipleScattering G4eBremsstrahlung G4eplusAnnihilation kev 38% kev 662 kev Bi K 9.5 kev
48 4 4 BGO count energy(kev) 4.11 BGO 2 Bi K Auger kev Bethe 4.1 ( ) ( de = 2πe4 NZ m v 2 ) E dx m v 2 ln 2I 2 (1 β 2 ) (ln 2)(2 1 β β 2 ) (4.1) m v e N Z I 662 kev
49 4.4 BGO BGO kev Bi K α (74-77 kev) K β (87-9 kev) X BGO K-escape 662 kev K α K β Gauusian p {G(p 1, p 2 ) +.89 G(.884p 1,.884p 2 ) +.29 G(.868p 1,.868p 2 )} + p 3 x + p 4 (4.2) ) (x a)2 G(a, σ) = exp ( 2σ 2 (4.3) 662 kev K α K β 3 3 Gaussian 4.12 Gaussian PMT ADC 4.13 χ Gaussian 662 kev 662 kev K-escape kev 7.4% 662 kev 16.6% Gaussian (28.5%) BGO (9.4%) BGO 4.4 BGO BGO PMT BGO BGO BGO
50 42 4 BGO count energy(kev) count energy(kev) 4.12 BGO 662 kev X
51 4.4 BGO 43 count ADC channel 4.13 BGO 3 Gaussian+ (χ 2 / ) (53.9/4) BGO PMT 4.14 ESR BGO 137 Cs ADC 1/ 1/ BGO (α = ) BGO BGO 4.1 BGO ESR PMT
52 44 4 BGO 4.14 BGO ESR BGO BGO PMT count ADC channel 4.15 BGO 137 Cs ESR 1/ 4.4 ADC
53 4.4 BGO BGO PMT BGO PMT BGO µ PMT BGO BGO l BGO x BGO A exp( σ(l/2 x)) A exp( σ(l/2 + x)) x 2 A PMT BGO 6 µm α PMT BGO PMT 4.17 PMT 2 PMT PMT BGO α
54 46 4 BGO PMT PMT BGO PMT 137 Cs 2 PMT 2 PMT PMT2 ADC PMT 1 α 2 PMT BGO BGO α α =.2.3 α =.3 (ESR ) 13% 93% /
55 efficiency distance from PMT(mm) 4.17 BGO PMT α 3 α =.1 α =.2 α = φ = 6µm 14 mm BGO 137 Cs 662 kev 28.5% BGO 41% BGO X BGO BGO BGO
56 48 4 BGO normalized count Ratio of PMT Signals PMT (PMT1 PMT2 ) (PMT2 PMT1 ) 2 PMT α =.1 α =.2 α =.3 BGO 2 PMT
57 BGO BGO 662 kev BGO BGO 6 µm 4 BGO BGO PMT BGO BGO BGO 1 PMT PMT
58 BGO 1 BGO BGO BGO BGO (NA) NA NA PJ PJU-FB µm BGO mm
59 PJU-FB µm µm NA EPO-TEK nm 99% 589 nm BGO BGO BGO 3 cm 5.1 α 1 BGO 4.25 EPO-TEK % Lambert ( 3.1.2) BGO PMT 92% 4.1 PMT BGO BGO
60 % BGO % BGO 1 MeV 8 PMT kev.4% BGO () 5.2 EPO-TEK 31-2 BGO R cm PMT 137 Cs 5.4 BGO PMT
61 efficiency distance from PMT(mm) 5.3 BGO count ADC channel Cs BGO ( 4.4.1)
62 BGO BGO Cs % BGO 5.1 BGO BGO (75 µm) count ADC channel 5.5 BGO BGO SpaceWire
![(256=16 16) H95 [] H95 8158 8158 H95 (SAMTEC](/docs-images/92/109118424/images/63-1.jpg "QTE-4-3-F-D-A) 256ch 8158 IDEAS VA32TA 8 ADC")
63 BGO BGO 5.7 R H95 ADC PMT PMT H95( H95) H95 3mm 3mm (256=16 16) H95 [] H H95 (SAMTEC QTE-4-3-F-D-A) 256ch 8158 IDEAS VA32TA 8 ADC FPGA I/O VA32TA 1 32 ASIC 1 2 TA
64 SpaceWire VA TA fast 32 OR VA slow VA TA TA CPU R SpaceWire (I/F) DIO R6231 ADC H95 DIO SpaceWire I/F SpaceCube 2 PC SpaceWire SpaceCube SpaceWire I/F 1 SpaceCube SpaceWire I/F PC 2
65 R6231 H95 2 VETO 2 H95 H CPU 1 CPU H95 CPU R6231 H mm (H95 3 ) H95 R R6231 BGO 9V H95-1V H R Cs R6231 H95 R BGO
66 R631 H95 7 count ADC channel BGO 137 Cs R6231
67 H H95 H95 y 16 pulse height y x x Cs H R H95 x = 12, y = BGO /
68 6 5 count ADC channel Cs % BGO Gaussian % R6231 H % BGO BGO
69 BGOfiber BGOfiber Cs 2 BGO BGO R6231 H95 BGO H95 R6231 BGO BGO R BGO R BGO Cs 662 kev
70 62 5 count hit number Cs count ADC channel BGO R C
71 BGO kev ADC 9% ( Gaussian ) 27%(FWHM) BG O H95 normalized count ADC channel 5.15 BGO No.3 ( ) ( ) 662 kev H R No.3 BGO R6231 H95 R6231
72 64 5 R6231 H95 BGO H95 BGOfiber R6231 ADC channel R Cs 662 kev 5.17 R6231 H95 BGO BGO ADC 9 kev 12 kev 5.1.3
73 efficiency ADC channel 5.17 R6231 BGO BGO 75µm 27%( ) BGO
74 mm BGO BGO BGO BGO BGO mm BGO BGO 4 4 BGO H95 23% [] BGO % 6.2 BGO 8 BGO ESR BGO PMT PMT PMT BGO 137 Cs 6.1 BGO 8 % 137 Cs 662 kev 4 Bi X
75 6.2 BGO 67 count ADC channel BGO 662 kev 4.3 BGO BGO 662 kev BGO 6.2 Bi K α K β Gaussian p {G(p 1, p 2 ) +.34 G(.884p 1,.884p 2 ) +.12 G(.868p 1,.868p 2 )} + p 3 x + p 4 (6.1) 6.2 X BGO X BGO PMT 662 kev 9.1%
76 68 6 count 22 2 count energy(kev) ADC channel Gaussian BGO BGO PJU-FB µm 98 µm µm PJU-FB75 BGO BGO BGO 3 EPO-TEK 31-2 BGO BGO BGO 5 µm EPO-TEK 31-2 BGO 1 BGO BGO R Cs R BGO 662 kev.5%(fwhm) 8 BGO 6.2
77 BGO 6.4 BGO kev X BGO X BGO 2 BGO BGO X 662 kev ADC X BGO
78 7 6 count ADC channel 6.5 BGO R Cs ( 5.9 ) H95 H Gaussian R6231 ( ) R6231 BGO ( 5.4.5) H95 R X 2 1 BGO H BGO
79 y count x ADC channel Cs H95 46 BGO ( 5. ) 8 ( 5.11 ) efficiency ADC channel 6.7 R6231 H95 ( 5.17 ) BGO BGO BGO BGO H95 H R
80 72 6 BGObar BGObar H ( 5.12 ) H95 1 R Cs H95 2 R6231 H BGO R6231 BGO 6. BGO 137 Cs 662 kev.% 662 kev BGO BGO X BGO X BGO 2 BGO
81 efficiency ADC channel ( 5.17 ) count 9 BGObar BGObar1 9 BGObar count 9 BGObar3 BGObar4 9 BGObar BGObar BGObar ADC channel ADC channel Cs
82 74 6 Bi X 75 ke H95 2 X BGO BGO 1.6% BGO H95 BGO BGO BGO 662 kev BGO 8 BGO BGO 6.11 R6231 H % R6231 ADC 137 Cs 662 kev 5 kev X 6.4
83 fraction energy 6.11 BGO mm BGO Cs 662 kev %
84 76 7 BGO R6231 Geant4 BGO 14 mm 6 µm BGO 662 kev Bi X BGO BGO BGO mm 3 BGO 1.5 mm % BGO
85 77 SpaceWire Geant4 BGO
86 78 1) R. Giacconi, H. Gursky, F.R. Paolini, et al. Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System. Physical Review Letters, 9: , December ) T. Takahashi, K. Abe, M. Endo, et al. Hard X-Ray Detector (HXD) on Board Suzaku. pasj, 59:35 51, January 27. 3) T. Takahashi, R. Kelley, K. Mitsuda, et al. The NeXT Mission. ArXiv e-prints, July 28. 4) T. Takahashi, K. Nakazawa, S. Watanabe, et al. Application of CdTe for the NeXT mission. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 541: , April 25. 5) Glenn F. Knoll,,. ( 3 )., ) M.R. Arnfield, H.E. Gaballa, R.D. Zwicker, et al. Radiation-induced light in optical fibers and plastic scintillators: application to brachytherapy dosimetry. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 43: , June ) Amman M, Luke PN, Boggs SE. Amorphous-semiconductor-contact germanium-based detectors for gamma-ray imaging and spectroscopy. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 579:886 89, September 27. 8) S. Watanabe, S.n. Ishikawa, H. Aono, et al. High energy resolution hard X-ray and gamma-ray imagers using CdTe diode devices. ArXiv e-prints, November 28. 9) Anger HO. Scintillation Camera. Review of Scientific Instruments, 29:27 33, January )..,, ). Si γ.,, ) N. Tawa, K. Ikegami, M. Aono, et al. Spectral Capability Evaluation of Thick Needlelike CsI(Tl) for Scintillator Directly Coupled Charge-Coupled Device. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 46:873 +, February ) Jackson J.D.. 3., ) J. Allison, K. Amako, J. Apostolakis, et al. Geant4 developments and applications. IEEE
87 79 Transactions on Nuclear Science, 53:27 278, February ) Janecek M, Moses WW. Optical Reflectance Measurements for Commonly Used Reflectors. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 55: , August ) Lecoq P, Li PJ, Rostaing B. BGO radiation damage effects: optical absorption, thermoluminescence and thermoconductivity. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 3:24 258, January ) Weidner VR, Hsia JJ. Reflection properties of pressed polytetrafluoroethylene powder. Journal of the Optical Society of America ( ), 71:856 +, July ) Ikhlef A, Skowronek M. Application of a plastic scintillating fiber array for low-energy x-ray imaging. Appl. Opt., 37(34): , ) S.B. Tang, Q. Ma, Z. Yin, et al. Mev x-ray imaging using plastic scintillating fiber area detectors: A simulation study. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 66(2): , 28. 2) Weber MJ, Monchamp RR. Luminescence of Bi4Ge3O12 : Spectral and decay properties. Journal of Applied Physics, 44: , December ) Yuasa T. SpaceWire/SpaceCube Tutorial, July ) Yuasa T. Development of SpaceWire-based waveform-sampling pulse height analyzer and its application to a hard X-ray detector., University of Tokyo, 28.
CdTe γ 02cb059e :
CdTe γ 02cb059e : 2006 5 2 i 1 1 1.1............................................ 1 1.2............................................. 2 1.3............................................. 2 2 3 2.1....................................
W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge
![W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge](/thumbs/91/105929864.jpg "W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge")
22 2 24 W 1983 W ± Z 0 3 10 cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC 65000 18 ADC [ (µs)] = 0.0207[] 0.0151 (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ 2 2 1 20 µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (GeV) 2 G µ ( hc) 3 1 1 7 1.1.............................
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Mott Parity P2 Mott target Mott Parity Parity Γ = 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 t P P ),,, ( 3 2 1 0 1 γ γ γ γ γ γ ν ν µ µ = = Γ 1 : : : Γ P P P P x x P ν ν µ µ vector axial vector ν ν µ µ γ γ Γ ν γ
Λ (Λ ) Λ (Ge) Hyperball γ ΛN J-PARC Λ dead time J-PARC flash ADC 1 dead time ( ) 1 µsec 3
19 Λ (Λ ) Λ (Ge) Hyperball γ ΛN J-PARC Λ dead time J-PARC flash ADC 1 dead time ( ) 1 µsec 3 1 1 1.1 γ ΛN................. 1 1.2 KEK J-PARC................................ 2 1.2.1 J-PARC....................................
NaI(Tl) CsI(Tl) GSO(Ce) LaBr 3 (Ce) γ Photo Multiplier Tube PMT PIN PIN Photo Diode PIN PD Avalanche Photo Diode APD MPPC Multi-Pixel Photon Counter L
19 P6 γ 2 3 27 NaI(Tl) CsI(Tl) GSO(Ce) LaBr 3 (Ce) γ Photo Multiplier Tube PMT PIN PIN Photo Diode PIN PD Avalanche Photo Diode APD MPPC Multi-Pixel Photon Counter LaBr 3 (Ce) PMT 662keV 2.9% CsI(Tl) 7.1%
Drift Chamber
Quench Gas Drift Chamber 23 25 1 2 5 2.1 Drift Chamber.............................................. 5 2.2.............................................. 6 2.2.1..............................................
SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT
![SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT](/thumbs/92/110123587.jpg "SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT")
3 SPECT SJ SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT 9ch MPPC array 3 3 9 3 3 9.mm(sigma) . SPECT..................................................................3............
3-2 PET ( : CYRIC ) ( 0 ) (3-1 ) PET PET [min] 11 C 13 N 15 O 18 F 68 Ga [MeV] [mm] [MeV]
![3-2 PET ( : CYRIC ) ( 0 ) (3-1 ) PET PET [min] 11 C 13 N 15 O 18 F 68 Ga [MeV] [mm] [MeV]](/thumbs/91/106519999.jpg "3-2 PET ( : CYRIC ) ( 0 ) (3-1 ) PET PET [min] 11 C 13 N 15 O 18 F 68 Ga [MeV] [mm] [MeV]")
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23 1 Section ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) , 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, % ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4
23 1 Section 1.1 1 ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) 2 3 235, 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, 0.0118% ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4 2 ( )2 4( 4 He) 12 3 16 12 56( 56 Fe) 4 56( 56 Ni)
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CsI(Tl) 2005/03/30 1 2 2 2 3 3 3.1............................................ 3 3.2................................... 4 3.3............................................ 5 4 6 4.1..............................................
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3 From Evans Application Notes http://www.eaglabs.com From Evans Application Notes http://www.eaglabs.com XPS AES ISS SSIMS ATR-IR 1-10keV µ 1 V() r = kx 2 = 2π µν x mm 1 2 µ= m + m 1 2 1 k ν = OSC 2
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3 17 03SA210A 2005 3 1 introduction 1 1.1 Positronium............ 1 1.2 Positronium....................... 4 1.2.1 moderation....................... 5 1.2.2..................... 6 1.2.3...................
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放射線化学, 92, 39 (2011)
V. M. S. V. 1 Contents of the lecture note by Prof. V. M. Byakov and Dr. S. V. Stepanov (Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russia) are described in a series of articles. The first article
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) a + b = i + 6 b c = 6i j ) a = 0 b = c = 0 ) â = i + j 0 ˆb = 4) a b = b c = j + ) cos α = cos β = 6) a ˆb = b ĉ = 0 7) a b = 6i j b c = i + 6j + 8)
4 4 ) a + b = i + 6 b c = 6i j ) a = 0 b = c = 0 ) â = i + j 0 ˆb = 4) a b = b c = j + ) cos α = cos β = 6) a ˆb = b ĉ = 0 7) a b = 6i j b c = i + 6j + 8) a b a b = 6i j 4 b c b c 9) a b = 4 a b) c = 7
( ) sin 1 x, cos 1 x, tan 1 x sin x, cos x, tan x, arcsin x, arccos x, arctan x. π 2 sin 1 x π 2, 0 cos 1 x π, π 2 < tan 1 x < π 2 1 (1) (
6 20 ( ) sin, cos, tan sin, cos, tan, arcsin, arccos, arctan. π 2 sin π 2, 0 cos π, π 2 < tan < π 2 () ( 2 2 lim 2 ( 2 ) ) 2 = 3 sin (2) lim 5 0 = 2 2 0 0 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 2 5 6 3 5 7 4 5 8 4 9 3 4 a 3 b
LEPS
LEPS2 2016 2 17 LEPS2 SPring-8 γ 3 GeV γ 10 Mcps LEPS2 7 120 LEPS Λ(1405) LEPS2 LEPS2 Silicon Strip Detector (SSD) SSD 100 µm 512 ch 6 cm 3 x y 2 SSD 6 3072 ch APV25-s1 APVDAQ VME APV25-s1 SSD 128 ch
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SPring-8 RFgun JASRI/SPring-8 6..7 Contents.. 3.. 5. 6. 7. 8. . 3 cavity γ E A = er 3 πε γ vb r B = v E c r c A B A ( ) F = e E + v B A A A A B dp e( v B+ E) = = m d dt dt ( γ v) dv e ( ) dt v B E v E
( ; ) C. H. Scholz, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting : - ( ) σ = σ t sin 2π(r a) λ dσ d(r a) =
1 9 8 1 1 1 ; 1 11 16 C. H. Scholz, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting 1. 1.1 1.1.1 : - σ = σ t sin πr a λ dσ dr a = E a = π λ σ πr a t cos λ 1 r a/λ 1 cos 1 E: σ t = Eλ πa a λ E/π γ : λ/ 3 γ =
X X 0 X 4 K K 1 K 2 K 1 K 2 6[eV] 6[eV] X 3: % 23.8[eV]
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X X X 0 X 4 K K 1 K 2 K 1 K 2 6[eV] 6[eV] X 3:0 2 10 3 1.0% 23.8[eV] 1 3 1.1 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2 X 4 2.1 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 2.1.1 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::