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13 There is strong historical, sociolinguistic, and psycholinguistic evidence for viewing the epistemic use of modals as an extension of a more basic root meaning, rather than viewing the root sense as an extension of the epistemic one, or both as sub-sets of some more general superordinate sense [Sweetser 1990: 49-50].

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18 "Modality is concerned with the status of the proposition that describes the event" [p. 1]. ". epistemic modality and evidential modality are concerned with the speaker's attitude to the truth-value or factual status of the proposition (Propositional modality)" [p. 8]. 35 " cthe proposition can be in the past, but the modality (the judgment) cannot" [ibid.: 33]. 37 Palmer [2001: 4] "Basically, there are two ways in which languages deal grammatically with an overall category of modality. These are to be distinguished in terms of (i) modal system and (ii) mood. Both may occur within a single language, e.g., in German, which has 39 Subjectification in grammaticalisation' is, broadly speaking, the development of a

19 grammatically identifiable expression of speaker belief or speaker attitude to what is said. It is a gradient phenomenon, whereby forms and constructions that at first express primarily concrete, lexical, and objective meanings come through repeated use in local syntactic contexts to serve increasingly abstract, pragmatic, interpersonal, and speaker-based functions" [Traugott 1995: 32]. Palmer [2001: 1] Í Mithun [1999: 173] ðˆø p µ Ärealis / irrealis ð à ¾ µ Ä é B "The realis portrays situations as actualized, as having occurred or actually occurring, knowable through direct perception. The irrealis portrays situations as purely within the realm of thought, knowable only through imagination."

20 McGregor, R. S., 1995, Outline of Hindi Grammar [Third Edition], Delhi: Oxford University Press. Mithun, Marianne, 1999, The Languages of Native North America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Montaut, Annie, 2004, A Grammar of Hindi, Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA. Palmer, F. R., 2001, Mood and Modality [Second Edition], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Platts, John T., 1878 [1990], A Grammar of the Hindustani or Urdu Language [Second Edition], New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Snell, Rupert and Simon Weightman, 2003, Teach Yourself Hindi, Sevenoaks: Hodder & Stoughton. Traugott, E. C., 1995, "Subjectification in grammaticalisation", in Dieter Stein and Susan Wright (eds.), Subjectivity and Subjectivisation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp Verma, Manindra K., 1971, The Structure of the Noun Phrase in English and Hindi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

21 Summary On <V-ne-vala hona> of Hindi: its three kinds of usages Yasunari Imamura Keywords : <V-ne-vala hona>, pre-determined schedule, modality, probability, grammaticalization This paper provides an analysis of the semantic function of < V-ne-vala hona>, which is said to be the periphrastic future construction in Hindi. The construction is formed by attaching a grammatical element -vala, which makes adjective / noun phrases, to the oblique infinitive (V-ne) followed by a form of the copula verb bond. In most preceding studies, < V-ne-vala hona> is described as denoting the proximate future, but through the examination of actual examples, it is revealed that this construction can also be used for the remote future in case of an event having a high probability of realization. This paper argues that this construction is not an expression that refers to the future but an expression that describes a state at the time of reference as a pre-determined schedule by considering the following facts: (i) in some cases < V-ne-vala hona> is not equivalent to the future tense form. (ii) the copula verb bona can take the past tense form and in that case the

22 construction usually denotes that an event was not realized. <V-ne-vala hona> is used to describe not only a scheduled event but also an imminent one, or a future event that the speaker strongly believes will take place. This paper clarifies the semantic and syntactic characteristics of these three kinds of usages of <V-ne-vala hona> and considers the last one (the speaker's strong belief) as epistemic modality according to the definition of Palmer (2001). The final section makes an observation on the grammaticalization of <V-ne-vala hona>.

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