The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 18 : 5-18 (2013) 1,2, * 1, Current status and distribution patte

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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 18 : 5-18 (2013) 1,2, * 1, Current status and distribution patterns of non-native freshwater fish on Okinawa-jima Island Tetsuroh Ishikawa 1,2, *, Mikumi Takada 1,3, Keishi Tokunaga 1 and Katsunori Tachihara 1 1 Laboratory of Fisheries Biology & Coral Reef Studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 2 Okinawa Environmental Science Laboratories Co. Ltd., 3 Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo Oreochromis mossambicus Poecilia reticulata Gambusia affinis 4 Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus 5 Clarias batrachus 20 Pseudorasbora parva Micropterus salmoides Lepomis macrochirus Abstract: On Okinawa-jima Island, we collected 30 species and one hybrid of non-native freshwater fish during Of these, 22 species native to various temperate and tropical regions were reproducing in the wild. The number of reproducing non-native fish was more than three times that of native fish (seven species). The main introduction pathway of non-native fish to Okinawa-jima Island was the release of ornamental pet fish. The distribution patterns of non-native fishes were classified into four categories: very wide (Oreochromis mossambicus and Poecilia reticulata), wide (four species, e.g., Gambusia affinis), intermediate (five species, e.g., Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus), and rare (20 species, e.g., Clarias batrachus). Positive relationships between the occurrence of non-native fish and human population density suggest that human activities and associated artificial environmental changes facilitate the invasion of non-native fish. The rate of range expansion varied across species. In particular, the range expansion of three species (e.g., Micropterus salmoides) that are classified as highly invasive in * Present Adress: Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, 47-6 Akaiwa-Suginosawa, Kesennuma, Miyagi, , Japan tetsulow1126@yahoo.co.jp

2 other regions was relatively slow, suggesting that the invasiveness of non-native fish depends on local environmental conditions. Establishing stricter rules regarding the release of ornamental fish is crucial for preventing new invasions on Okinawa-jima Island. Keywords: Cichlidae, ornamental fish, propagule pressure, Ryukyu Archipelago, subtropical climate 1,208 km km km Carassius auratus Takada et al Monopterus albus Matsumoto et al Rhinogobius sp. YB Rhinogobius sp. BB Ophieleotris sp. Sicyopterus lagocephalus , Latini and Petrere 2004 Caiola and de Sostoa 2005 Sterud and Jørgensen 2006 D Amato et al Takamura 2007 β Rahel 2000, 2002 Marchetti et al Gambusia affinis Oryzias latipes Micropterus salmoides Carassius cuvieri

3 標本の採集 km FishBase fishbase.org/search.php Otopharynx lithobates 2001 Copadichromis sp. FishBase Pseudorasbora parva 1997 Watanabe et al URM: 3 Aulonocara sp. Hemichromis sp. Maylandia sp. Piazzini et al Michael K. Oliver Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia zillii km 2 Ku , HO , Na , MN , GO , UK , ,617 GH , ,963 TI , ,

4 1 a n = n = 51 n = 14 b 8 1 8

5 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Macropodus opercularis DNA Takada et al 各種の定着状況の評価 5 Established: ES Possibly established: PE Expected to establish: EE Failed to establish: FE Data deficient: DD ES 30 PE EE FE DD 5 ES PE EE 外来魚類の分布 8 Ku HO Na MN GO UN GH TI 1 1 %F: Frequency of occurrence %F %F %F Spearman r s logit 沖縄島の外来魚類相および定着状況

6 2 ES: PE: EE: FE: DD: Osteoglossidae Osteoglossum bicirrhosum 1996 FE Cyprinidae Carassius auratus 3 19 ES Carassius cuvieri PE Cyprinus carpio? 4 19 PE Danio albolineatus 2000 ES Danio rerio 2000 ES Pseudorasbora parva 1975 ES Tanichthys albonubes 1989 ES Cobitidae Yasuhikotakia modesta FE Characidae Colossoma sp FE Clariidae Clarias batrachus EE Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus 1985 ES Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis ES Poecilia reticulata 1960 ES Xiphophorus hellerii 1960 ES Xiphophorus maculatus 1960 DD Adrianichthyidae Oryzias latipes EE Ambassidae Parambassis ranga 2000 ES Centrarchidae Lepomis macrochirus 1963 ES Micropterus salmoides 1963 ES Cichlidae Amatitlania nigrofasciata ES Amphilophus citrinellus 2009 FE Paraneetroplus synspilus 1 Aulonocara sp FE Copadichromis sp ES Hemichromis sp FE Maylandia sp FE Oreochromis mossambicus ES Oreochromis niloticus ES Tilapia zillii ES Osphronemidae Trichopodus trichopterus 1989 DD Channidae Channa asiatica 2006 EE

7 %F Ku HO Na MN GO UK GH TI , , , Cyprinus carpio ES 2 PE 3 EE 6 1 FE 2 DD FE 6 1 ES PE EE

8 z P < < a Oreochromis mossambicus b Poecilia reticulata c Gambusia affinis Spearman r s P 1 4 Takada et al 分布パターン %F %F Oreochromis mossambicus Poecilia reticulata 6 8 %F Xiphophorus hellerii Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus Lepomis macrochirus 1 2 Clarias batrachus Danio albolineatus GH Danio rerio Tanichthys albonubes Channa asiatica 12

9 Ku HO 3 %F r s = , P = UK GH TI 2 r s = 0.56, P = GH 23 UK Amatitlania nigrofasciata 外来魚類の定着状況 Shafland and Pestrek 1982 Gozlan et al. 2010b 2002 Yamamoto and Tagawa 2000 Shafland et al Marchetti et al Ruesink 2005 Ribeiro et al Bomford et al propagule pressure 2010 Richardson et al Duggan et al Copp et al. 2007a FE DD 2 外来魚類の分布パターン

10 , Shoji et al Chervinski 1984 Philippart and Ruwet F MN GO UK 2011 Ku GH Clavero et al Havel et al Johnson et al McKinney 2001 Gido et al Marchetti et al Han et al Leprieur et al %F Gido et al Leprieur et al %F UK GH TI 14

11 1995 Copp et al. 2007a Marchetti et al Ribeiro et al Gozlan et al. 2010a Copp et al. 2007b Gozlan et al. 2010a Moyle and Light 1996 沖縄島における外来魚類対策 , 2009 Matsumoto et al Takada et al , 2009 Royal Museum for Central Africa Jos Snoeks Michael K. Oliver 15

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石川哲郎高田未来美徳永圭史立原一憲附録本研究で初めて確認された魚類外来種の拡散防止の観点から採集場所については記さないこととする a レッドテイルボーシャ Yasuhikotakia modesta b ウォーキングキャットフィッシュ Clarias batrachus 登録番号 URM046463 c メダカ Oryzias latipes d アウロノカラ

14 石川哲郎高田未来美徳永圭史立原一憲附録本研究で初めて確認された魚類外来種の拡散防止の観点から採集場所については記さないこととする a レッドテイルボーシャ Yasuhikotakia modesta b ウォーキングキャットフィッシュ Clarias batrachus 登録番号 URM c メダカ Oryzias latipes d アウロノカラ Aulonocara sp. URM e ヘミクロミス Hemichromis sp. URM f メイランディア Maylandia sp. URM g パロットシクリッド Amphilophus citrinellus Paraneetroplus synspilus URM: 美ら海水族館元琉球大学理学部海洋自然科学科所蔵標本 18

Table 1. Number and stundard length of smallmouth bass examined in the study

Table 1. Number and stundard length of smallmouth bass examined in the study Taiga Yodo* and Kei'ichiro Iguchi. 2003. Feeding habits of introduced smallmouth bass in Lakes Aoki and Nojiri, Japan. Japan. J. Ichthyol., 50(1): 47-54. Abstract To elucidate the feeding habits of smallmouth