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2 This article is a longitudinal case study of L1 attrition in two siblings who moved from Japan to the USA at the ages of 4 years 11 months and 10 years 6 months. The study investigates and analyzes the effects of language attrition when the siblings school language changed from L1 Japanese to L2 English. Data collection through a Picture Naming Task PNT was undertaken for twenty months, starting from the fourth month of the children s length of residence LOR in the USA. Data analysis results show that, in the younger sibling, the effects of L1 attrition were clearly evident after five months of reduced exposure to Japanese, and the effects intensified over the next six months. In the elder sibling, the tendency toward L1 attrition was noticeable from the eighth month of his arrival and continued for four months thereafter. Some features of the siblings L1 attrition are classified as forgetting, delayed response time, overuse of fillers and poses, frequent pronunciation mistakes or errors, confusion of word choice, code mixing of L1 and L2, and L2 substitution. Interference in or transference of L1 to L2 speech sounds and vice versa also occurred in the children s PNT responses. The rate of L1 attrition slowed down around the eleventh to twelfth months of LOR. Stagnation of L1 attrition in both siblings apparently resulted from regaining L1 words and or newly learned L1 skills by maintaining their mother language at home.
3 cooing babbling first word O Grady
4 critical period
5 bilinguis H H H H H H
6 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
7 code switching code mixing
8 L1 L2 L1 attrition L2 L1 L2 L2 Paradis, Genesee, and Crago
9 L1 L2 L1 C C C C Retrieval Failure Theory Hirai Retrieval Failure Theory
10 C Pretest Picture Naming Task PNT Pretest L1 ummm C L1 Pretest L1
11 Bringham Regression Hypothesis Yukawa s L1 L1 Yukawa Flores, C.
12 L2 L1 L2 L2 Hirai L2 L1 L2 L2 retrieval failure theory Tomiyama
13 L1 Picture Naming Task PNT Storytelling Task Narration Task Comprehension Test PNT E Y
14 E E E
15 Y E Kindergarten No, thanks. Y No, thanks. Y E Y Y Y Y E
16 Y E L1 Picture Naming Task PNT PNT de Bot and Stoessel PNT Snodgrass and
17 Vanderwart E Snodgrass and Vanderwart Pretest Pretest E Snodgrass and Vanderwart Snodgrass and Vanderwart Philadelphia Naming Test Type A Type B Pretest PNT Type AType B E E Y Type A B E Y Pretest Y
18 PNT PNT S1 S7 E Y L1 Type A Type B PNT E A1E Type A E Y Y
19 token E A1 JP M E Type A JP 4M S1, S2 E Type A 1 60 Pretest PNT E A1 A11 Type A Type A Type B Type A A1 A11 Y Y A1 Y A11 PNT E-A12 E-B13 Y B11 Y A12 E A13 Y B12 E B12Y A13 PNT PNT
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22 PNT PNT E Y L1 PNT Type A Type B PNT
23 2 PNT PNT E Pretest PNT E L1 Pretest no data Pretest Philadelphia Naming Test
24 PNT E A1 JP M S1 S7 baby hanger snail hanger snail Pretest hanger snail E B1 JP M1W3D Pretest swan queen
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29 E A2 JP M3W5D apple caterpillarpretest map hammer Pretest snail E B2 JP M1W4D eagle arm sock 2 queen 3 snowman 2 queen E A3 JP 4 48 M3W3D caterpillar 2 bird 2 bee 2 swing 2 E B3 JP M6D queen swan queen
30 swan E A4 JP M3W apple
31 E B4 JP M1W3D sun squirrel arm queen arm leaf E A5 JP M3W3D eye comb caterpillar pumpkin Pretest E B5 JP M1W firemanleaf kite car queen 3 chair
32 mountain E A6 JP M3W3D hand broom map book rabbit octopus star snail 3 pumpkin 3 baby spiderskull E B6 JP M1W butterflysnowman 3 desksun squirrel kite eagle queen garbage can 3 arm telephone rooster 3 clock tree leaf
33 E A7 JP M3W ruler snail airplane 4 hand camel toothbrush window pig airplane E B7 JP M4D chair letter snowman arm crown butterfly bottle cane sled fan mirror kite tree rooster
34 E A8 JP M2W4D fish book snail box traffic light pumpkin 3 camel 3 S1 S7 E B8 JP M2D bear snowman 3 eagle shoe queen tree fireman 3 bicycle 3 top pirate desk tiger E A9 JP M2W2D snail window 3 cap book frog umbrella 3 flower pants
35 balloon camel grape 3 trumpet fish E B9 JP Y1W A9 arm bear eagle corn garbage can 3 mirror 4 mountain raccoon 4 pencil top 3 telephone queen sock sun 3 ear watermelon 3 snowman E
36 E A10 JP Y3W6D cap caterpillar flower hammer snail E B10 JP Y1M1W4D garbage can 3 kite arm leaf mirror scissors sled snowman A type Type A Type B E A11 JP Y1M3W3D glasses hanger
37 ring skull snail 3 comb leg pumpkin swing K h o skull E A12 JP Y8M2W6D Type A balloon dice 3 fish trumpet mushroom octopus pumpkin pig star ruler A3 ordering effect
38 E B11 JP Y8M3W2D B10 eagle 3 key kite 4 raccoon clock squirrel 3 queen sun snowman 4 tiger B3 B3 schwa /l, r/ E A13 JP Y11M2W pants mushroom refrigerator balloon hammer umbrella 3 bird
39 skull comb zebra flower snail rabbit caterpillar pig A E E B12 JP Y2W4D E B11 dinosaur bear snowman queen horse B11
40 raccoon L2 L2 Y PNT L1 Type A Type B PNT Y A1 JP M Pretest S1 S6 comb desk letter king ring ruler Y L2
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47 Y B1 JP M1W3D B butterfly carrot cat pen refrigerator sun swing watermelon chair deer queen monkey queen snake chair Y Y A2 JP M3W5D Type A Type A Type B
48 baby book, bird, desk, kite, leaf, pants, traffic light mountaindesk ear horse ring pig spider rabbit nose star seal telephone Y B2 JP M1W4D alligator crocodile carrot carrots3 bear capbutterfly pencil queen tiger sock soc corn 3 carrot 3 chair 3 baby carriage dinosaur kettle arm 3 rooster tiger sun zebra airplane dinosaur goat Y A3 JP M3W3D
49 broom nurse pumpkin pig desk Y B3 JP M6D kettle mushroom carrot strawberry refrigerator top butterfly butterfly snake queen swing scissors Y
50 Y L2 Y A4 JP M3W giraffe snowman dog book rabbitspider mountain seal seal star pumpkin Y B4 JP M1W3D Y sun deer carrot butterfly
51 Y A5 JP M3W3D snowman window frog horse apple pig pumpkin baby ring seal kite Y Y B5 JP M1W3D queen chair flower cap pirate baby carriage tiger kettle leg sun goat map sock turtle butterfly Y
52 Y A6 JP M3W3D traffic lightrabbit book fan baby giraffe leaf snowmanking elephant ruler grape star window bird seal star garbage can king L2 king traffic light Y B6 JP M1W alligator chair sun flower bridge zebra glasses pirate baby carriage queen goat bottle
53 mushroom corn bicycle watermelon Y A7 JP M3W sealdeskrabbit balloon bee apple 3 snowman Y B7 JP M4D
54 queen pencil scissors flower tree watermelon alligator ladder butterfly top glasses ladder snake bicycle bottle map strawberry clock hand airplane bear dinosaur sock carrot kettle mirror refrigerator sun deer capcarrot map Y A8 JP M2W4D book seal broom key grape frog kite star window horse umbrella3 pig 2
55 Y B8 JP M2D strawberrysun eye deer /danger/ Y A9 JP M2W2D rabbit telephone desk kite birdbook leaf garbage can pig 3 ruler star 3 seal spider king snowman bread 3 sealsnowman desk
56 I forgot Y B9 JP Y1W cap sunbutterfly 3 squirrel 3 sunglassessunalligator goat queen mushroom Y A10 JP Y3W6D elephant 4 fish 4 pig 3
57 spider 4 ear pig spider pigu No, I don t know. Yeah balloon Y B10 JP Y1M1W3D queen caphat butterfly goat 3 pencil 2 clock mushroom bridge tiger sun
58 Y A11 JP Y1M3W3D apple 3 desk 3 trumpet2 pumpkin pig Y L1 L1 king pigkingupigu Y B11 JP Y8M2W6D Y
59 KUMON sunsun goat arm watermelon mushroom Y A12 JP Y8M3W2D A11 B11 garbage can balloon bee bee I don t know. Y B12 JP Y11M2W
60 kettle ladder turtle 2 squirrel 3 goat umm, 2 ghost strawberry 2 toothbrush Y A13 JP Y2W4D Y desk comb letter king kite
61 cow glove letter PNT E Y L1 E L1 Pretest A B L1
62 L1 L1 E L1 L2 L1 E PNT L2 E L2 L2 L2 L1 Y L1 E E Pretest Y PNT L1
63 L2 L1 L1 L2 Y L1 L1 L2 Y Y L2
64 Y L2 L1 Y L1 L1
65 E Y Y E E Y PNT L2 Y L1 L1 E Y L1
66 E L1 E L2 L1 L1 L2 L1 PNT PNT Bringham, S.. When Daddy Leaves Home : Minority L1 Attrition in a Primary Bilingual Child. The Japan Journal of Multilingualism and Multiculturalism,,.
67 de Bot, K. & Stoessel, S. In Search of Yesterday s Words : Reactivating a Long- Forgotten Language. Applied Linguistics.,. Flores, C.. Losing a language in childhood : a longitudinal case study on language attrition. Journal of Child Language.,. Hirai Seiko. Longitudinal L2 Attrition : A Case Study of a Japanese-English Bilingual Child. Japan Journal of Mulitilingualism and Multiculturalism.,. O Grady, W.. How Children Learn Language. Cambridge University Press. Paradis, J., Genesee, F., & Crago, M. B.. Dual Language Development and Disorders : A Handbook of Bilingualism and Second Language Learning. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. U. S. A Snodgrass, J. G. & Vanderwart, M.. A Standardized Set of Pictures : Norms for Name Agreement, Image Agreement, Familiarity, and Visual Complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Learning and Memory, Tomiyama, M.. Child Second Language Attrition : A Longitudinal Case Study. Applied Linguistics,. Yukawa, E.. L1 Japanese attrition and regaining : Three case studies of two early bilingual children. Tokyo : Kuroshio. Pyon, Jiwon Philadelphia Naming Test mrri.org/philadelphia-naming-test/
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