Effects of direct and indirect exchange on trust of in-group members Toko Kiyonari (University of Antwerp), Margaret Foddy (Car/ton University), and T

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Effects of direct and indirect exchange on trust of in-group members Toko Kiyonari (University of Antwerp), Margaret Foddy (Car/ton University), and T"

たみえことじ
5 years ago
Views:

Effects of direct and indirect exchange on trust of in-group members Toko Kiyonari (University of Antwerp), Margaret Foddy (Car/ton University), and Toshio Yamagishi (Hokkaido University) Yamagishi

1 Effects of direct and indirect exchange on trust of in-group members Toko Kiyonari (University of Antwerp), Margaret Foddy (Car/ton University), and Toshio Yamagishi (Hokkaido University) Yamagishi and colleague showed that behavior favoring the in-group and trust of in-group members are based on the expectation of generalized exchange.we successfully tested a related prediction that people show stronger trust of in-group members than of out-group members in the faith game but not in the trust game.we argued that the direct exchange aspect inherent in the trust game suppresses expectations of generalized exchange taking place in the group.we conducted an experiment with 79 Japanese and 83 Australian participants.in the trust game, 27 of the 82 participants trusted the in-group trustee, while 29 trusted the out-group trustee.in the faith game, in which the expectation of generalized exchange was intact, 47 of the 80 participants trusted the in-group trustee and 37 trusted the out-group trustee.these results support our argument that expectations of generalized exchange, not in-group stereotypes, are the source of in-group trust.no cultural differences were observed between Japanese and Australian participants. Key words: trust, group-based trust, generalized exchange, reciprocity. The Japanese Journal of Psychology 2007, Vol. 77, No. 6, pp Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Toko Kiyonari, Department of Management, Stadscampus, Universiteit Antwerpen, S.Z.206, Kipdorp 61, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium ( Toko.Kiyonari@us.ac.be)

2 & Silver, 1978; Brown, 2000; Doise, Csepeli, Dann, Gouge, Larsen, & Ostell, 1972; Platow, McClintock, & Liebrand,

4 Yamagishi, Foddy, Makimura, Matsuda, Kiyonari, &

6 Table 1 Average in-group identity score and the test of its deviation from zero for each combination of game and participants' nationality

7 Table 2 Frequency of trusting choice with the in-group and the outgroup allocator in the two games and the two nationality groups

Brewer, M. B., & Silver, M. (1978). Ingroup bias as a function of task characteristics. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 393-400. Brown, R. (2000).

8 Brewer, M. B., & Silver, M. (1978). Ingroup bias as a function of task characteristics. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems, and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, Cho, K., & Choi, B. (1999). A cross-society study of trust and reciprocity: Korea, Japan and the U. S. A paper presented at the WOW II, Workshop for the Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, June, Doise, W., Csepeli, G., Dann, H. D., Gouge, G. C., Larsen, K., & Ostell, A. (1972). An experimental investigation into the formation of intergroup representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2, Foddy, M., Platow, M. J., & Yamagishi, T. (2006). Groupbased trust in strangers: Evaluations or expectations? Working Paper, Center For the Study of Cultural and Ecological Foundations of Mind, Hokkaido University. Hayashi, N., Ostrom, E., Walker, J., & Yamagishi, T. (1999). Reciprocity, trust, and the sense of control: A cross-societal study. Rationality and Society, 11, (Jin, N., & Yamagishi, T. (1997). Group heuristics in social dilemma. Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 12, ) (Jin, N., Yamagishi, T., & Kiyonari, T. (1996). Bilateral dependency and the minimal group paradigm. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 67, ) (Kiyonari, T. (2002). Expectations of a generalized exchange system and ingroup favortism: An experimental study of bounded reciprocity. Japanese Journal o f Psychology, 73, 1-9.) (Kiyonari, T., & Yamagishi, T. (1999). A comparative study of trust and trustworthiness using the game of enthronement. Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 15, ) Kiyonari, T., & Yamagishi, T. (2004). Ingroup cooperation and the social exchange heuristic. In R.Suleiman, D. V. Budescu, 1. Fischer & D. Messick, (Eds.), Contemporary Psychological Research on Social Dilemmas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp Kiyonari, T., Yamagishi, T., Cook, K., & Cheshire, C. (2006). Does trust beget trustworthiness? trust and trustworthiness in two games and two cultures: A research note. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69, Nowak, M., & Sigmund, K. (1998). The dynamics of indirect reciprocity. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 194, Platow, M. J., McClintock, C. G., & Liebrand, W. B. G. (1990). Predicting intergroup fairness and ingroup bias in the minimal group paradigm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, Pruitt, D. G., & Kimmel, M. J. (1977). Twenty years of experimental gaming: Critique, synthesis and suggestions for future. Annual Review of Psychology, 28, Shinada, M., Yamagishi, T., & Ohmura, Y. (2004). False friends are worse than bitter enemy: "Altruistic" punishment of in-group members. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, Snijders, C. (1996). Trust and commitments. Amsterdam: Thela Thesis Publishers. (Suzuki, N., Konno, Y., & Yamagishi, T. (in press). In-group bias in trusting behaviour: A choice of allocator experiment with minimal group. Japanese

9 Journal of Psychology.) (Watabe, M., Terai, S., Hayashi, N., & Yamagishi, T. (1996). Cooperation in the one-shot prisoner's dilemma based on expectations of reciprocity. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, ) Yamagishi, T., Foddy, M., Makimura, Y., Matsuda, M., Kiyonari, T., & Platow, M. (2005). Comparisons of Australians and Japanese on group-based cooperation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 8, Yamagishi, T., Jin, N., & Kiyonari, T. (1999). Bounded generalized reciprocity: Ingroup boasting and ingroup favoritism. Advances in Group Processes, 16, Yamagishi, T, & Kiyonari, T. (2000). The group as the container of generalized reciprocity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, Yamagishi, T., & Sato. K. (1986). Motivational bases of the public goods problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, Yuki, M., Maddux, W. W., Brewer, M. B., & Takemura, K. (2005). Cross-cultural differences in relationship-and group-based trust. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31,

(’Ó)”R

(’Ó)”R PAC Facework from the Perspectives of Interactions between Members: A Case Study of a Japanese Language Classroom by PAC analysis YOKOMIZO Tamaki The purpose of this study is to investigate how facework