,2,,5 5 CBD O'Hara977 5 Fujita and Ogawa982 6 Imai982 7 CBD Mills and Hamilton994 8 Tauchen and White Kanemoto Vol.9 No.4
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1 23 2,5% 6,492/.27%692.3/.3%5,799.7/.3% HATTA, Tatsuo KARATO, Koji Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
2 ,2,,5 5 CBD O'Hara977 5 Fujita and Ogawa982 6 Imai982 7 CBD Mills and Hamilton994 8 Tauchen and White Kanemoto Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter 3
3 sn min R j s + Wn s,n s.t. F (s,ν (N j, M j )n)= y CBD J 4 s n c (R j,w,ν (N j, M j ))= 5 y j = 2J y j = F j (sn) (W, N j, M j )5 y j = F (s j ) j R j j = ν j n 2 ν j j R j = R (W,ν (N j, M j )) ν j = ν (N j, M j ) 3 N j j n M j j k d δ q = q (k) q k ι r R q M j N j N j M j R W ν (N j, M j ) (qk) max Rqιkr q,k s.t. q (k)= q, and q q 4 Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
4 (λ,λ 2 ) (Rλ 2 ) q k (k) =ι, q (k) = q, qq, λ 2 (qq ) = q k (k) = dq/dk λ 2 > q (q = q ) q (k) = q k q λ 2 > Rq k (k) = ι λ 2 = k Rq k (k) = ι ~ s j = ~ s (R j,w, N j, M j ) 8 68 ~ s j = ~ s (W, N j, M j ) 9 j N ~ j s j (W, N j, M j ) q = q q j = q (R (W, ν (N j, M j )), W * ) J j =,2,, B B +, B + 2,, J B J W =W * ι = ι * j r A r < r A r A r r A W * 2 ι * 3 4 j q j 4 J (N, N 2,, N J ) q B = ( q, q 2,, q B) N * j = N j ( B q, W *, ι * ) ( ˆx = dx/x) σ j 8 η j (R j )ζ j 7 ( ˆN = dn/n )( N ˆ, N ˆ 2,, Nˆ J ) Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter 5
5 E ˆN = ˆq 2 E 2ˆN = E -ˆq ψ jb b j 2.3 S = (N j ~ yj ι*k j r j A C j T N j ) y ~ j j r A j C T j J S = (r j r j A + W * N j C j T N j ) j = q ˆ * ( dq b/ q b )% 2 5 θ b = d lnk (q b )/d ln q b 5 W * N j e jm ψ mb W * N j ψ jb R b q b R, C, W, C T 2..2 r = R C 6.9 ε jm ψ mb Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
6 22 GMM 3.. j i 7 8 A,αa N, a M Z i i N j, M j Box-Cox Box-Cox λ GMM λ=λ= λ=λ= (C R, C s, β z, β N, β M, λ) (A, α, a N, a M ) M j δ,4.. δ= λλ=x = x 3..2 Q = C Q K ξ φ (Z i ) = exp (β z Z i ) β z 9 SITE ξ2 (C Q, ξ, ξ 2 ) KSITE 69 ln Q i = C' + ξ ln K i + ξ 2 ln SITE i + v Q i ξ + ξ 2 = ln q i = C'' + ξ ln k i + u q i ln R i, j = ln C R + β' z Z i + β N N λ j + β M M λ j +u i, j 2 ln s ~ i, j = ln C s (β' z Z i + β N N λ j + β M M λ j ) + υ i, j 2 u i, j υ i, j q i = Q i/site i, k i = K i/site i η=ξ /ξ θ b =/ξ A,αa N, a M β z β N β M 2 (C R, C s, β z, β N, β M, λ) N j, M j 2 Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter 7
7 994p Willingness to pay % 3 Frequency T N O N H T = f T (N O, N H, X ) + u T N O = f O (T, N H, F O ) + u O N H = f H (T, N O, F H ) + u H XF O, F H u T, u O, u H T, N O, N H 8 Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
8 24 GS2SLS i j α k ρ k ρ 2k ρ 3k λ k (k = TOH) β O β H β 2T β 2H β 3T β 3O ( =23) w ij w Box-Cox Box-Cox λ = λ =λ = Box-Cox 7 λ = λ = N =N M =MGMM 4 λ =.925 λ = 6.36 χ d ij ij δ u i k (k =TOH) ε i k (k =TO H) jw ij T j jw ij N o j jw ij N H j Kelejian and Prucha24 4 GS3SLS Kelejian and Prucha998 5 λ k Kelejian and Prucha999 6 A α a N a M.5 (Aαa N a M ) 22C RC sβnβ M λ= 2 t Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter 9
9 N O N H 2.7 N=.854M= = = Wald 233 η = θ = White test Ramsey's RESET t White test Ramsey's RESET2 w w w λk F Adj. R 2 24 t *** ***.5 3.6*** *** *** **.2 2.6** t *** *** 26 t w * jw ij N o j *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** t%5% %F Adj.R 2 FAdj.R 2 2GS2SLS GS3SLS4T =ln 2 F p w * jw ij T j ρ T Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
10 R C r W 2, 5/ 6999 R4,34/ C9,25/ r5,89/ W=,43/ R C r (= A C ) W r W 4,35 9,25 5,89,43 6,492 53, ,92 7,834 3,23 5,37 2,527 7,779,84,622 3,7 9,4 T% ˆ T% ˆ r+ W6,492/ S=53,25 /.2795 r+ W 3,7/9,4/ ˆT i = (β O γ 2 A O O bi Fˆ b + β H γ 3 A H H bi Fˆ b ) A T bi 27 (i = 277) A k bi (k = TOH) A k = (Iρ w) ( = 23k = TOH) b i lnv i = + β C ln CONJESTION i +'DDUMMY + u i DUMMY β ~ C ĥ = β ~ C ˆT 28 ĥ= d lnh, ˆT= d lnt 23 lnv i =.257.2ln CONJESTION i +' D DUMMY adj.r 2 =.336=79 6 ĥ = %=.3% Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
11 / 3.4 7b / , 7c3.2 37e f / C T = /53,25/ /298.2/ / 5, 23 Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter 2 a28b3.4ac38.95bd3ed3fce b c d e a h % ˆ ,25 95 r W CT S 6,49237, , , %.3%.3%
12 6, , / j = B +J R j ( q j/ k j ) ι * = % % ha Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter 3
13 45m 3 3 d jk jk km 2 22 InRm 2 lnsm 2 N M m 2 OA , , C 4 Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
14 Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter 5 77OD (Aαa N a M ) GMM Box-Cox 3λ= White ha % % 66 92,464, ,995 69, ,49 252, N M OA t λwhite 392
15 R j WS j m j C jk jkd jk jk m , C pp NO.4pp NO.5 pp pp O'Hara, D. J.,977,"Location of firms within a square central business district" Journal of Political Economyvol.85pp Fujita, M. and H, Ogawa982,"Multiple equilibrium and structural transition of non-monocentric urban configurations", Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.2pp Imai, H.,982,"CBD hypothesis and economies of agglomeration", Journal of Economic Theory, vol.28pp Mills., E.S. and B. W. Hamilton994,"Urban Economics" 5th ed. Scott, foresman, Glenview. 9Tauchen, H., and A. D., White984,"Socially optimal and equilibrium distribution of office activity : Models exogenous and endogenous contacts", Journal of Urban Economics, vol.5, pp Kanemoto, Y.,99,"Optimal cities with indivisibility in production and interaction between firms", Journal of Urban Economics, vol.27, pp , pp Kelejian, H. H. and I. R. Prucha24, "Estimation of simultaneous systems of spatially interrelated cross sectional equations", Journal of Econometrics, 8, pp Kelejian, H. H. and I. R. Prucha998, "A Generalized Spatial Two Stage Least Squares Procedure for Estimating a Spatial Autoregressive Model with Autoregressive Disturbances", Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 7, pp Kelejian, H. H. and I. R. Prucha999, "A Generalized Moments Estimator for the Autoregressive Parameter in a Spatial Model", International Economic Review, 4, pp Gallant A. Ronald and Dale W. Jorgenson979,"Statistical Inference for a System of Simultaneous Non-linear Implicit Equations in the Context of Instrumental Variable Estimation", Journal of Econometrics pp Determination of the benefit and the effect of traffic increase by deregulation of building Floor to Area Ratio in the center of a city By Tatsuo HATTA, and Koji KARATO Office business operations in the center of a city have the urban agglomeration economy. Therefore, Deregulated the building Floor to Area Ratio (FAR) in the center of a city, the greater the density of office working population and the greater the productivity of office operations. On the other hand concentration of office-firm cause the external diseconomy typified in road traffic congestion. This study determines the benefit and the effect of road traffic increase by deregulation of FAR, using the data of Tokyo 23 special wards. To be concrete our analysis, on the policy assumption that office building FAR have limited use until 5% and the remaining FAR assign the housing space, deregulated of FAR in Tokyo Chiyoda-ward. The results of this study are that benefit from productivity increasing is [billion per year] (.27% of prefecture income), cost form road traffic increasing is [billion per year] (.3% of prefecture income), and that the value which deduct the cost from benefit is [billion per year] (.3% of prefecture income). Key Words : deregulation of Floor to Area Ratio, agglomeration economy, road traffic, cost-benefit analysis 6 Vol.9 No.4 27 Winter
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Empirical Analysis of the Efficiency of the Broadcasting Industry: Verification of Regionalism and a Proposal ABSTRACT Reforms in the broadcasting industry have recently been discussed and proposed, and
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