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1 Gengo Kenkyu 144: * Linguistics comparative philology2 * OED We may call the science of languages linguistics, as it is called by the best German writers. History of the Inductive Sciences (1837). scientist ion 2 φιλολογία Liddell and Scott Liddell & Scott 1963: 760 love of discussion, love of learning and literature philology
2 2 Τέχνη Γραμματική 3 B.C. 2c Grammaire générale et raisonnée: Les fondements de l art de parler Arnault & Lancelot concevoir juger raisonner 5 Chomsky Condillac 1948 [1780]: γράμμα γράφειν 4 Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre facilement et en peu de temps la langue latine Lancelot substance accident noms substantifs noms adjectifs 6 Condillac 1947 [1746] Grammaire Condillac 1947 [1775a] L art de penser Condillac 1947 [1775b]
3 3 signifiant signifié Aarsleff Traité des sensations Condillac 1947 [1754]
4 Whorf 1956: 213, 8 7 8
5 Berlin & Kay Heider 1972
6 6 1999:
7 : 114 9
8 8 10 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA : 32
9 s -ed -s : 9
10 10 Condillac 1947 [1746]: Première partie, Section II, Chapitre V 13 Fauconnier
11 Postmodernism Generator Nature Postmodernism Generator Dawkins 1998 Postmodernism Generator iphone
12 lexical decomposition
13 13 = = 1969: = = = 1984: 83
14 Markman
15 15 νόος λόγος law of nature law 20
16 Condillac 1947 [1746]: : : : 81
17 17 24 = 4 Baron=Cohen ID 2 EDD 3 SAM EDD 4 ToMM Popper 1974: =
18 18 26 = :
19 : Chimpanzee politics 2 De Waal : 25 ibid.: A treatise of human nature : 4 28
20 Origins of human communication Tomasello 2008 the cooperation model
21 : Dawkins 1976
22 22
23 23
24
25 Savage=Rumbaugh
26 26 Aarsleff, Hans (1982) Condillac, Taine et Saussure. In: Jean Sgard (ed.) Condillac et les problèmes du langage, Genève/Paris: Slatkine. Arnault, Antoine & Claude Lancelot (1660) Grammaire générale et raisonnée: Les fondements de l art de parler. Paris: Pierre et Petit. Baron=Cohen, Simon (1995) Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Berlin, Brent & Paul Kay (1969) Basic color terms. Stanford, CA: University of California Press. Chomsky, Noam (1966) Cartesian linguistics. New York / London: Harper & Row Condillac, Étienne Bonot de (1947 [1746]) Essai sur l origine des connaissance humaines. In: Georges Le Roy (1947), Paris: PUF. Condillac, Étienne Bonot de (1947 [1754]) Traité des sensations. In: Georges Le Roy (1947), Condillac, Étienne Bonot de (1947 [1775a]) Grammaire. In: Georges Le Roy (1947), Condillac, Étienne Bonot de (1947 [1775b]) L art de penser. In: Georges Le Roy (1947), Condillac, Étienne Bonot de (1948 [1780]) La logique, ou les premiers developpements de l art de penser. In: Georges Le Roy (ed.) OEuvres philosophiques de Condillac Vol. 2, Paris: PUF. Dawkins, Richard (1976) The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press. Dawkins, Richard (1998) Postmodernism disrobed. Nature 394: De Waal, Frans (1982) Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. New York: John Hopkins. Fauconnier, Gilles (1984) Espaces mentaux: Aspects de la construction du sens dans les langues naturelles. Paris: Éditions de Minuit Heider, Eleanor (1972) Universals in color naming and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 93: Lancelot, Claude (1644) Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre facilement et en peu de temps la langue latine. Paris: Antoine Vitré. Le Roy, Georges (ed.) (1947) OEuvres philosophiques de Condillac Vol. 1. Paris: PUF. Liddell, Henry & Robert Scott (1963) A lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott s Greek-English lexicon. New York: Oxford University Press Markman, Ellen (1989) Categorization and naming in children. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press & 1997 = Asterisk 10(4): Popper, Karl (1974) Objective knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon Press Savage=Rumbaugh, Sue (1986) Ape language: From conditioned response to symbol. Oxford: Oxford University Press Tomasello, Michael (2008) Origins of human communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
27 27 Whorf, Benjamin (1956) Language, thought and reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Abstract A Philosophical Reflection on Linguistics: How Can We Share Meaning Even Though It Is Essentially Arbitrary? Hiroyuki Yamaguchi Tokushima University The origin of modern linguistics lies in modern philosophy. Saussurean linguistics was influenced by the philosophical theory of perception, which in turn inspired linguistic relativity as represented by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, as opposed to the linguistic universalism advocated by Chomsky. This paper demonstrates that both positions confuse perception with meaning. While what is perceived is intrinsically individualistic, meaning only comes into existence when several individuals are grouped into a category by generalization. One of the fundamental issues concerning language is the sharing of meaning, although meaning is essentially arbitrary. This paper argues that the sharing of meaning is motivated by our desire to co-operate with others, since it is only when we do this that the need to share our intentions comes into play. This desire, supported by the pleasure of sharing the results of co-operation, is exactly what distinguishes human beings from higher primates such as chimpanzees.
165
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