Staffan de Mistura 1 Bashshār al-asad IS IS 2018 Partiya Yekîtiya Democrat: PYD Yekîneyên Parastina Gel: YPG Syrian De
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1 Islamic State: IS Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC OPEC IS mukhabarat Donald Trump
2 Staffan de Mistura 1 Bashshār al-asad IS IS 2018 Partiya Yekîtiya Democrat: PYD Yekîneyên Parastina Gel: YPG Syrian Democratic Forces: SDF IS Astana Process 9 4 de-escalation zone
3 Vladimir Putin Heiko Wimmen GDP 2010 GDP 4 2, GDP 11
4 Ahmad Aboul Gheit 9, Benedetta Berti 13 the Group of Friends of the Syrian People 2013 Syria Recovery Trust Fund: SRTF UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: UNOCHA , hard-to-reach areas 41 9, The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR UNHCR Internally Displaced Persons: IDPs ,100 21
5 1, a Khmeimim 2018 Sergei Shoigu Tartus ,000 5,000 2,000 3, Quds Force Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps: IRGC Hizbullah IRGC IRGC Basij ,
6 b Free Syrian Army IS IS IS ,000 2, Central Intelligence Agency: CIA Khan Shaykhun Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: OPCW 2015 Joint Investigation Mechanism: JIM Sergei Lavrov
7 33 UAE UAE 2015 UAE Houthis Saad Hariri Muhammad bin Salman cover Ali Abdullah Saleh UAE
8 Jonathan Spyer Gadi Eizenkot Elaph Hasan Rouhani Salman
9 Jared Kushner P5+1 5 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: JCPOA JCPOA JCPOA JCPOA JCPOA JCPOA
10 2018 Beji Caid Essebsi Roberto Stefan Foa EU 43
11 1 Syrian Opposition Must Accept It Has Not Won the War: U.N., Reuters, September 6, Golden Opportunity Missed : Syria Peace Talks Falter, Again, The New York Times, December 14, Joint Statement by Iran, Russia and Turkey on the International Meeting on Syria in Astana, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Kazakhstan, September 14-15, 2017, < accessed on October 10, Lina Khatib, Putin s Safe Zones in Syria Are Nothing of the Kind, Chatham House, May 9, Implementation on Security Council Resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), 2191 (2014), 2258 (2015) and 2332 (2016): Report of the Secretary-General, S/2017/1057, December 15, 2017, p Assad and Putin Meet, As Russia Pushes to End Syrian War, The New York Times, November 21, Dmitri Trenin, Putin s Plan for Syria: How Russia Wants to End the War, Foreign Affairs, December 13, Aron Lund, Assad s Broken Base: The Case of Idlib, The Century Foundation, July 14, Heiko Wimmen, The Sectarianization of the Syrian War, Frederic Wehrey (ed.), Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East, Hurst and Company, 2017, pp World Bank Group, The Toll of War: The Economic And Social Consequences of the Confl ict in Syria, 2017, pp. vii-x. 12 David Awad, The Business of War: Egypt, Others Eye Reconstruction Bids, Al Monitor, September 12, Benedetta Berti, Is Reconstruction Syria s Next Battleground? Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 5, SRTF < accessed on December 31, SRTF , Sam Heller, Don t Fund Syria s Reconstruction: The West Has Little Leverage and Little to Gain, Foreign Affairs, October 4, United Nation Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Syria 2018 Humanitarian Needs Overview: Millions of People Face a Daily Struggle to Survive, November 21, 2017, < humanitarian-needs-overview-millions-people-face-daily-struggle-survive> accessed on December 30, ,860 The Syrian Institute and PAX, Siege Watch: Eighth Quarterly Report on Besieged Areas in Syria, August-October 2017, p.9, < accessed on December 30, UNHCR 19 Phillip Connor, After Record Migration, 80% of Syrian Asylum Applicants Approved to Stay in Europe, Pew Research Center, October 2, 2017, < of-syrian-asylum-applicants-approved-to-stay-in-europe/>, accessed on December 30, UNHCR, Flash Update: Syrian Refugee and IDP Returns, June 30, The World Bank, Syria Arab Republic, < accessed on January 14, Russia to Keep Permanent Forces in Syria, The Washington Times, December 26, Russia Showcases Global Ambitions With Military Parades, One in Syria, The New York Times, July 30, Russia s Military Presence in Syria, AFP, November 25, Paul Bucala, Iran s New Way of War in Syria, American Enterprise Institute and Institute for the Study of War, February 2017; Ephraim Kam, Iranian Military Intervention in Syria: A New Approach, Strategic Assessment,
12 Vol.20, No.2, July 2017, pp Ahmad Majidyar, Iran Recruits and Trains Large Numbers of Afghan and Pakistani Shiites, Middle East Institute, January 18, Ibid. 28 Iran Protests Put Spotlight on Military s Vast and Shadowy War in Syria, AP, January 5, Carla E. Humud, Christopher M. Blanchard and Mary Beth D. Nikitin, Armed Confl ict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response, Congressional Research Service, May 26, 2017, p.18; Robert S. Ford, Keeping Out of Syria: The Least Bad Option, Foreign Affairs, Vol.96, No.6, November/December 2017, p Greg Jaffe and Adam Entous, Trump Ends Covert CIA Program to Arm Anti-Assad Rebels in Syria, a Move Sought by Moscow, The Washington Post, July 19, United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/36/55, August 8, 2017, pp United Nations Security Council, Seventh report of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons- United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism, S/2017/904, October 26, 2017, p JIM Russia Says Didn t Promise Withdrawal of Pro-Iranian Forces from Syria, Reuters, November 14, Amir Eshel Amos Harel, Israel Struck Arms Convoys on Several Enemy Fronts Nearly 100 Times in Past Five Years, Top General Says, Haaretz, August 17, Ali Harb, A Regional Power : How Fighting Assad s War Transformed Hezbollah, Middle East Eye, October 9, Bucala, Iran s New Way of War in Syria, p Thomas Friedman, Saudi Arabia s Arab Spring, at Last: The crown prince has big plans for his society, The New York Times, November 23, Jonathan Spyer, Tehran Is Winning the War for Control of the Middle East, Foreign Policy, November 21, Amos Harel, Israeli Military Chief Gives Unprecedented Interview to Saudi Media: Ready to Share Intel on Iran, Haaretz, November 17, Anna Borshchevskaya, Will Russian-Saudi Relations Continue to Improve? What Their Recent Summit Means for the Relationship, Foreign Affairs, October 10, Sarah E. Yerkes, Democracy Derailed? Tunisia s Transition Veers Off Course, Foreign Affairs, October 2, Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk, The Signs of Deconsolidation, Journal of Democracy, Vol.28, No.1, January 2017, pp
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