PET. PET, PET., PET 1, TPC 3.,. TPC,,.

PET TPC 21 2 9

PET. PET, PET., PET 1, TPC 3.,. TPC,,.

1 6 2 PET 7 2.1........................... 7 2.1.1 PET..................... 7 2.1.2.......................... 10 2.2.............................. 11 2.2.1 γ..................... 11 2.2.2.......................... 11 2.2.3 PET..................... 12 3 TPC 13 3.1 PET TPC........................ 13 3.1.1.................. 13 3.1.2 TPC..................... 13 3.1.3 PMT....................... 15 3.2.......................... 16 3.2.1...................... 16 4 R&D 18 4.1.......................... 18 4.1.1 TPC....................... 18 4.1.2........................ 18 4.1.3 PMT............................ 23 4.2...................... 23 4.2.1.......................... 23 4.2.2..................... 24 4.2.3.......................... 25 4.2.4........................ 25 4.2.5........................... 26 4.2.6.................. 26 4.3............................ 26 4.3.1 NIM CAMAC....................... 26 1

5 31 5.1.................... 31 5.2 PMT.......................... 31 5.2.1.................. 31 5.2.2...................... 34 5.2.3............................ 36 5.3......................... 37 5.3.1..................... 39 5.4.......................... 39 5.4.1................... 41 5.4.2 TPC.................. 41 5.4.3,................ 43 5.4.4....................... 45 6 46 6.1................................ 46 6.2............................ 46 2

2.1 Eminance-G [6].................. 8 2.2 PET [6].................... 9 2.3,................. 10 3.1. 161.3 K, 816 hpa....... 14 3.2 TPC....................... 15 3.3 PMT................ 16 4.1 TPC........................ 19 4.2 PAD........................... 20 4.3 TPC.................. 21 4.4....................... 22 4.5..................... 23 4.6 R5900-06AL12S-ASSY............. 24 4.7 PMT.......................... 28 4.8...................... 29 4.9.......................... 30 4.10 SAES PS3..................... 30 5.1...................... 32 5.2 LabVIEW.................... 33 5.3 LED................... 34 5.4....................... 35 5.5 LED................. 35 5.6 PMT 700V σ µ.............. 37 5.7 PMT................. 38 5.8 α......................... 39 5.9 ADC.................... 40 5.10.............. 41 5.11................... 42 5.12 50 Hz............................. 42 5.13...... 43 3

5.14........... 44 5.15................ 45 4

2.1 [7]................. 9 2.2 PET [11]................ 10 3.1 [7] [8] [9]................... 14 4.1 R5900 PMT........................ 25 4.2 ADC.......................... 27 5

1.,,.[1],,.,..[2],. µ e + γ [3], [4][?,?],., (PET). PET,, PET,.[5],, PET. 6

2 PET 2.1 (Positron Emission Tomography, PET) 2 511 kev γ,,.,, ( ), PET. X CT(Computed Tomography) X X X 360. X, X CT. 2 PET/CT. MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, ).,., X CT. 1mm, ( T). PET, γ, SPECT (Single photon emission computed tomography). PET. 2.1.1 PET PET 2.1 40 60cm., 7

2.1: Eminance-G [6] 8

2.2: PET [6] 4mm 4mm 20 mm, BGO LSO. 2.1., (PMT). (APD) PMT, (ϕ) 100, (z) 10 BGO GSO LSO Xe Bi Ge O Gd Si O Lu Si O (Ce) Xe [g/cm 3 ] 7.13 6.71 7.4 2.95 [ /MeV] 8200 9000 25000 43000 [nm] 480 440 420 178 [ns] 300 56 47 45 2.1: [7] 9

11 C 13 N 15 O 18 F 94m Tc 124 I [min] 20.38 9.96 2.04 109.8 52.5 4.18[days] 2.2: PET [11]. 2.1.2 PET γ,., FDG(Fluoro-Deoxy- Glucose).. 2.2.,. ( ),.[10] γ., PET 30,.,, PET. PET,. 2.3:, 10

2.2 PET. 2.2.1 γ PET, 2 γ., 511keV, back to back,. γ cm,. γ,. γ. PET. γ. ( ),., 2 1,.., 2 γ. 2.2.2,. [12] [13], PET.,,. PET, 2... (ltered backprojection, FBP)., 11

.,. 3. ML-EM(Maximum Liklifood Expectation Maximization),.. 90, OSEM(Ordered Subset EM) RAMLA, DRAMA,.. 2.2.3 PET PET,..., r. γ, γ,.. PET r 1 r. r DOI(Depth Of Interact),. DOI r,. APD(Avalanche PhotoDiode) DOIPET.[14] [15],,,. 12

3 TPC 3.1 PET TPC PET. (Time Projection Chamber)[16]. TPC, 3. (KEK),,.,,, γ., TOF(Time of Filght). TPCPET,,.[17] [?] 3.1.1 3.1. 3.1.2 TPC (TPC). TPC 3.2 (K), (G), (A).,,, - - E P,E Q. TPC,., G, K.,,. G G 13

(Z) 54 131.29 165K 161K 12.6kJ/mol 2.30kJ/mol 1 (γ) 23.7 ev 2.27cm 4.2 ns,22 ns 1 15eV 45 nsec 2.2 mm/µs 50 cm 2 /s ( ) 20 3.1: [7] [8] [9] 3.1:. 161.3 K, 816 hpa. 14

. G-A A, ( )., G-A l Q. A K 2,, K-G. 3.2: TPC 3.1.3 PMT (, PMT),. PMT. 1 PMT, (Quantum Eciency),,. Q.E. PMT.... 1 G, (Gain) G.. [19] 15

3.3: PMT 3.2 3.2.1 TPC, 2. TPC,.. ϕ t = D 2 ϕ (3.1), ϕ. D, 50 [cm 2 /sec].[9], ϕ(t, x) = 1 4πDt exp[ x2 4Dt ] (3.2).,. 5 [cm], PET 50 [cm], v d = 2[mm/µs], t d = 25, 250 [µs], σ = 5 10 1, 2.2 [mm]., 16

, 180. 18 F, σ x 0.1 [mm], σ θ 0.35,. TPC, 0.5 mm, 250 ns, 4 MHz.. PET 511 kev γ, E γ W = 511[keV]/15.6[eV] = 3.28 10 5 (3.3),..[20],,, F.. F = σ2 µ (3.4) σ, µ. F = 1., 511keVγ, σ = F µ 20 3.4 10 5 = 2.6 10 3 (3.5), [Resolution] = 2.6 10 3 /3.4 10 5 = 0.76% (3.6).. [21]. 4%. 17

4 R&D 4.1 4.1.1 TPC TPC,. SUS 1mm,,. 4.2 G10, 10 10 mm 2,., TPC (0 V,GND)., TPC SHV,. 100 MΩ,. 4.1.2. TPC ASIC(Application Specic Integrated Circuit), AMP- TEK A250 PC250. OP 1, 1[V/pC], FET.. 4.5, A OP ( ) R f C f. V IN V OUT. C IN. IN Q, 18

4.1: TPC 19

4.2: PAD Q = Q f + Q IN (4.1) V OUT = AV IN (4.2) (4.1) C f (V IN V OUT ) = Q f C IN V IN = Q IN (4.2). Q = C f (V IN V OUT ) + C IN V IN = (C f + C IN )V IN + C f V OUT (4.3) Q = (C f + C IN ) V OUT A + C fv OUT A, 20

4.3: TPC 21

4.4: 22

4.5: Q = C f V OUT V OUT = Q (4.4) C f,. R f τ = C f R f. 4.1.3 PMT R5900-06AL12S-ASSY PMT,. (λ = 178 nm).. 4.2 4.8.. 4.2.1, 23

4.6: R5900-06AL12S-ASSY. TPC.,.,.,.. 4.9 PTR PDC08, 165 K 24 W. 4.2.2. 2.,. 24

27 27 mm 2 18 18 mm 2 Rb-Cs-Sb 20 % 12 800V 9.0 10 6 4.1: R5900 PMT 4.2.3,..,..,..[22] SAES, Al-Zr, 0.1 ppb. τ, N = N 0 e t τ (4.5). N, t. τ, ρ,, K 300[µs ppb]. τ = Kρ 1 (4.6) 4.2.4,,. 25

.,. 4.2.5 4.8 750 l.,. 4.2.6,...,.,.. 4.3 4.3.1 NIM CAMAC 19 1. NIM, CAMAC,TPC. NIM PMT, PMT, TPC. CAMAC CC/NET, PC. PMT TPC CAMAC ADC(Analog to Degital Converter), LeCroy 2249A. ADC 4.2, 26

CAMAC1 ch 12 Lemo 50Ω 10 bit 256 pc 60 µs 4.2: ADC 27

4.7: PMT 28

29 4.8:

4.9: 4.10: SAES PS3 30

5 5.1 2009 5,. ( ), 0.16 l.,,, PMT. 9 W., 15 W. TPC. 5.2 PMT, PMT. LED PMT,. 5.2.1 PMT, TPC. PMT, 241 Am α 5.3. LED (FG). FG,,. LED FG, RC (50Ω, 100pC) LED. 31

5.1: 32

5.2: LabVIEW 33

α 200 Bq 241 Am. 241 Am 432, α 5.49 MeV. 5.3: LED 5.2.2 1, LED PMT. LED, PMT ADC. 5.5., ADC ADC σ 2. PMT, σ 2 = ADC2 N p e + σ2 0 (5.1). N p e, σ 2 0 ADC. ADC 34

5.4: 5.5: LED 35

C ADC 1, G PMT, (5.1) CADC = N pe eg (5.2) σ 2 = eg C ADC + σ2 0 G = C e σ2 σ 2 0 ADC 1.6 10 6 σ2 σ 2 0 ADC (5.3) (5.4) G, LED,. PMT. PMT. 2, α 241 5.5 MeV. PMT. Xe 23 ev, 241 Am α N photon = 5.5 10 6 /23 = 2.3 10 5 (5.5). PMT. Q = N photon Ω Q.E. G e (5.6) 4π 5.2.3 PMT 700V, ADC ADC. PMT 4.49 4.16. 5.4 7.00 6.48. 650-800 V. 36

5.6: PMT 700V σ µ α 5.8, ADC,. (5.6) PMT, PMT 700 V Q = 2.3 10 5 8.0 10 3 0.2 6.5 1.6 10 19 = 370[pC] = 1500[ADCcounts] (5.7), 164. 5.3,. 5 l, 2.,. α. 5.9 PMT ADC., ADC., 37

5.7: PMT 38

5.8: α,. 5.3.1 TPC, ORTEC 142PC. TPC 3.0 g/cm 3 1 cm, 1.2MeVg 1cm 3 3gcm 3 1cm = 3.6MeV (5.8),, 3.6MeV/15eV 1.6 10 19 C = 3.8 10 14 C (5.9). 142PC 260 mv.. 5.4 PMT, TPC. fc, 39

40 5.9: ADC

,, AMP-TEK A250. 5.4.1, TEST, 5.10. 5.10:,. 5.11. 5.12,,,. 5.13. 5.4.2 TPC,. 5.14 TPC. 41

5.11: 5.12: 50 Hz 42

5.13:,.,,,. PMT., TPC,., 2 mv. 5.4.3,,,. PMT., TPC,.,,.,, TPC,. 200 MHz,. TPC, 43

5.14: 44

2008 6,.,.5.15 5.15: 5.4.4,. W, ( 500 ),., 30..,., A250, FET (,100M Ω) (,1pF),.. 45

6 6.1 ˆ PET PET. ˆ PET TPC. ˆ PMT. ˆ. ˆ TPC. ˆ. ˆ. 6.2 ˆ,, PMT,. ˆ. ˆ ASIC. ˆ. TPC. ˆ TPC. 46

[1] T.Doke, Scintillation of Liquid Xenon and Its Application to Nuclear Radiation Detectors, IEEE Trans. Dielct. El. In. 13(2006) 640 [2] T.Haruyama,, HEP news Vol.24 No.1 (2005) 4.5.6 [3] T.Mori et al.,search for µ eγ down to 10 14 branching ratio, Research Proposal to PSI, May 1999 [4] E.April et al.,the XENON dark matter search experiment, New Astron. Rev. 49(2005) 289 [5], TPC-PET PET, (2007) [6] Web http://www.shimadzu.co.jp/ [7] G.F.Knoll 3 (2001) [8] L.S.Miller, S.Howe, W.E.Spear,Phys. Rev. 166(1968) 871 [9] T.Doke,NIM 196(1982) 87 [10] O.Nakayama T.Iguchi, PET Jpn. J. Rad. Tech. 62(2006) Vol. 6,pp.778-780. [11] Web, http://kakuyaku.cyric.tohoku.ac.jp/research/research-j.html [12] E.Tanaka, PET, 62(2006) Vol. 62 pp.771-777 [13] H.shinohara K.Sakaguchi T.Hashimoto, Excel, [14] T.Tsuda et al.,performance Evaluation of a Subset of Four-Layer LSO Detector for a Small Animal DOI PET Scanner: jpet-rd,ieee Trans. Nuc. Sci. 53(2006)No.1 47

[15] N.Inadama et al.,8-layer DOI Encoding of 3-Dimensional Crystal Array,IEEE Trans. Nuc. Sci.53(2006) No.5 [16] D.Fancher et al.,performance OF A TIME-PROJECTION CHAMBER,Nuc. Inst. Meth.161(1979) pp.383-390 [17] J.P.Cussonneau et al.,nuclear medical imaging using β + γ coincidences from 44 Sc radio-nuclide with liquid xenon as detection medium,arronax International Scientoc Committee (2005) [18] K.Giboni et al,compton Positron Emission Tomography with a Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber, J. Inst. 2 P10001 (2007) [19], [20] E.Conti et al.,correlated uctuations between luminescence and ionization in liquid xenon,phys. Rev.B68(2003) 54201 [21] E.April et al.,observation of anticorrelation between scintillationand ionization for MeV gamma rays in liquid xenon,phys. Rev.B76(2007) 014115 [22] U.Beriotto et al.,electron Lifetime Measurement in a Liquid Xenon ionization Chamber with the Signal-shape Analysis Method,Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys.A335(1993) 1-2 pp.338-340 48

,. KEK..,,,.,,. KEK,.,.,,,,,,., Columbia Karl Giboni,,.,.. 49