Abstruct CANGAROO-III (PhotoMultiplier Tube PMT PMT ) PMT PMT R3479 ND 1 PMT 10 ( 90 ) Woomera PMT PMT (Light Guide LG) LG 0.944±0.023 PMT (4 ch) PMT
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- さやな かむら
- 5 years ago
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1 CANGAROOIII January 16, 2009
2 Abstruct CANGAROO-III (PhotoMultiplier Tube PMT PMT ) PMT PMT R3479 ND 1 PMT 10 ( 90 ) Woomera PMT PMT (Light Guide LG) LG 0.944±0.023 PMT (4 ch) PMT R8900U (HPKK) R8900U Bialkali Ultra Bialkali R ( 470 nm) 350 nm 1.88 PMT Borosilicate UV 2.09 R3479 R8900U PMT Pulse Height ( 100 ns 8 p.e. ) Pulse hight 6 p.e. 0.03% R ±0.07% R8900U 0.38±0.17% Pulse Height PMT Pulse Hight p.e. ns 0.03% 1
3 1 Introduction γ IACT CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III PMT CANGAROO-III R&D CTA R&D
4 4 PMT R PMT R PMT ND lter PMT Gain HV HV PMT R PMT PMT PMT PMT Gain PMT Ultra Bialkali PMT UBA R8900U R3479 SA0079( ) R8900U R8900U Gain HV R8900U HV R8900U R3479 R8900U R
5 PMT Pulse Height Discussion PMT R R8900U 350 nm UBA Conclusion PMT R LG LG Ultra Bialkali PMT PMT
6 IACT CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III CANGAROO R PMT CTA CTA sensitivity /4 inch PMT
7 4.2 R PMT R PMT PMT p.e LED NSPB510s ND R3479 PMT R ND R3479 HV R R3479 PMT R3479 1p.e. 100 p.e R3479 1p.e. 100 p.e R PMT Winston Cone LG LG R3479 R R8900U
8 5.3 R8900U x y R8900U PMT R8900U 1p.e R8900U MAX4107 AD8009AR mm R3479 R Crab ADC cut
9 6.6 Pulse Height
10 1.1 IACT PMT R PMT PMT 2(CAMAC ) ND R3479 ND HV 1 HV HV 2 α R R3479 R8900U-200-M PMT R R3479 SA Bialkali Ultra Bialkali Bialkali Ultra Bialkali LED R3479 R8900U-200-M Pulse Height
11 6.3 (1) (2) nm UBA
12 1 Introduction 1.1 γ 1900 Wilson 10 Hess 1952 Morrison π 0 π 0 γγ γ γ SAS-2 COS-B γ γ γ γ γ γ π 0 2γ Compton Compton Compton Compton 100MeV γ π 0 2γ Compton γ γ
13 X-ray Gamma-ray from Synchrotron from Inverse Compton 2 E df/de Energy from Proton 1.1: γ 12
14 1.2 γ γ ( ) γ γ σ B (ν) dx(g/cm 2 ) ν ν + dν (de) = ν { (ν) dx(g/cm 2 ) = (ν)} νmax 0 (σ B (ν)dν) (dx N ) (hν) (1.1) A ( N A ) E hν max E ν max = E/h σ B de E = 4Z2 e 2 hc X 0 X 0 = {4 Z2 e 2 hc N A ( e2 mc 2 )2 ln(184z 1/3 )dx (1.2) N A ( e2 mc 2 )2 ln(184z 1/3 )} 1 (g/cm 2 ) (1.3) 1.2 E = E 0 exp( x X 0 ) X 0 (radiation length) X 0 (g/cm 2 ) 13
15 1/e X 0 = 36.8g/cm 2 γ 1g/cm 2 N νmax A 0 σ pc dν = 7 1 (1.4) 9 X 0 ( ) ( ) γ 84MeV Heitler(1944) 1.2 γ 0 1.2: X N(X) = 2 X/X 0 (1.5) 14
16 E c E c N max (X max ) = E 0 N max (X max ) = E 0 E c (1.6) (E 0 γ ) X max = X 0 ln(e 0 /E c ) ln2 (1.7) N max E 0 X max ln(e 0 /E c ) γ [1] γ 2 X max X max = X 0 (ln E 0 E c ) (1.8) γ 1TeV 100MeV X max = 10X0 10X 0 = 370g/cm 2 = km n c/n cos θ = c/n v θ = cos 1 ( 1 nβ ) (β = v c ) (1.9) 15
17 c n - - v 1.3: β 1 8km n = θ = cos 1 1 ( ) = 0.8 (= 0.014rad) (1.10) 8km 8km 0.014rad = 112m m 2 γ (Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope, IACT) (PMT) PMT IACT 16
18 PMT γ ( ) Alpha( α ) Width Length Distance [2] 1.4 Width Length Distance 1.4: CANGAROO-III 4 ˆ Width ˆ Lengh ˆ Distance Alpha ( α ) ˆ Alpha(α) Alpha ( α ) 17
![γ γ Alpha 0 [3] 1.](/docs-images/91/106853258/images/19-0.jpg "5 CANGAROO- III ( ) 1.")
19 γ γ Alpha 0 [3] 1.5 CANGAROO- III ( ) 1.5: γ γ
20 camera A camera B shower image shower orientaion angle shower impact position telescope A telescope B 1.6: : 2 : shower impact position shower orientaion angle camera A camera B telescope A telescope B 1.7: 3 19
21 1.2.3 IACT CANGAROO-III 4 IACT CANGAROO H.E.S.S. MAGIC VERITAS IACT 10 m IACT 100GeV 4 IACT o -150 o -120 o -90 o -60 o -30 o 0 o 30 o 60 o 90 o 120 o 150 o o 30 o MAGIC 0 o -30 o VERITAS -60 o H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III 1.8: 4 IACT MAGIC VER- ITAS H.E.S.S. CANGAROO 20
22 MAGIC VERITAS H.E.S.S. CANGAROO Project CANGAROO MAGIC HESS VERITAS Location 4 Big IACT projects mirror shape FOV d f f/d System 31.1S, 136.8E, 160 m asl Parabolic m 8 m 0.8 array 28.8N, 17.9W, 2225 m asl Parabolic m 17 m 1.0 single 23.3S, 16.5E, 1800 m asl Davies-cotton m 15 m 1.25 array 31.7N, 110.9W, 2300 m asl Davies-cotton m 10 m 1.2 array 1.1: IACT f d Davies Davies-cotton 21
23 2 CANGAROO-III 2.1 CANGAROO-III CANGAROO(Collaboration of Australia and Nippon for a GAmma Ray Observatory in the Outback) 2.1: CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III 10 m GeV CANGAROO 22
24 CANGAROO-III CANGAROO m (CANGAROO-I) m 3.0 (CANGAROO-II) 10m ( T2 T3 T4 ) : CANGAROO-III CANGAROO 10 m m 23
25 1 sec GPS PC Ethernet PC 100msec PC PC OS KURT 1 2.3: CANGAROO 4 (T4) m CANGAROO 80 cm GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic) 5kg GFRP 60-80% FWHM 24
![0.2 ( 2.4 [18]) 2 2 2 2 0.](/docs-images/91/106853258/images/26-0.jpg "02 ( 2.5[12]) 2.")
26 0.2 ( 2.4 [18]) ( 2.5[12]) 2.4: CCD 4 X radial prole Lorentzian 2.5: : GFRP ( ) 80 cm 5kg : 25
27 ϕ ϕ 3/4 R3479(MAXIM MAX4107 ) 427 ( R ) 120kg 80cm ϕ 100cm 2.6: : 427 : Winston cone ( 4.5 ) (dead space) 33 26
28 (4.5 ) % 2.1 (4.5 ) CAEN SY : R : 1 2 SiO 80% 27
29 2.2 PMT CANGAROO-III [4][5] 2.9 PMT 2.9: PMT ( ) 2 PMT PMT η η = 100 (%) (2.1) PMT 28
30 CANGAROO-III PMT R3479( ) Bialkali( nm 420 nm) PMT nm PMT PMT ( 2.10) 2.10: nm CANGAROO UV PMT (1)MgF 2 29
31 ( ) MgF 2 115nm (2) Al 2 O 2 150nm (3) 160nm (4)UV (UV ) (UV) 185nm (5) (Borosilicate ) 300nm 40 K( 40) PMT PMT ( ) ( ) δ V n G δ = A V (A = const.) (2.2) G = δ n = (AV ) n (2.3) V an(a = const.) a PMT PMT 30
32 PMT CANGAROO PMT ( 0.2mm) PMT PMT (1) (2) (3) (4) PMT (5) ( ) PMT P a(10 7 T orr) 2 (6) 40 K PMT CANGAROO-III 31
33 2.3 CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III 4 (T4) (2004 ) 5 PMT : : CANGAROO-III : γ CANGAROO-III γ +α γ 32
34 3 R&D CTA CTA(Cherenkov Telescope Array) γ [8] 1 - L 3.1: CTA [8] 70 m 3.1 CTA 70 m 250 m ( ) 33
35 ( m ) ( ) ( 10 m ) ( 10 m ) km IACT (E threshold ) 70 m 10-20GeV 250 m GeV km 1-2TeV CTA sensitivity 3.2 sensitivity 3.2: CTA sensitivity( ) 10 sensitivity CTA 10 sensitivity CTA
36 3.2 R&D R&D PMT PMT 1. PMT ( ) 2. PMT 3. PMT PMT 4. PMT PMT CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III R&D PMT PMT CANGAROO-III 4 R&D 35
37 4 PMT R PMT R3479 CANGAROO-III 3/4inch (PMT)(R3479 (HPKK), 4.1) 427 8m CANGAROO 4 ϕ ( ϕ) PMT R3479 (HV) PMT HV PMT R3479 HV PMT PMT1 1 PMT HV PMT HV OFF PMT R
38 4.1: 3/4 inch PMT R3479( ) PMT (MAX4107) 2cm 17cm 86g( ) PMT R mm(3/4 inch) 170mm 86g( ) UV 15mmMIN. 8 (0.2mm ) 25 (400nm ) at 1700V (PMT ) 1.3nsec( 5nsec) 14nsec T.T.S.( ) 0.36nsec(FWHM) 4.1: nm PMT 37
39 R3479 photomultiplier tube (H8820) K DY1 DY2 DY3 DY4 DY5 DY6 DY7 DY8 P C1 SIGNAL R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 ACTIVE BASE R13 C2 R1,R2 : 2M 5% 1/10W R3 : 1M 5% 1/10W R4,R6 : 750k 5% 1/10W R5,R8,R9 : 820k 5% 1/10W R7 : 470k 5% 1/10W R10,R11,R12 : 51 5% 1/4W R13 : 10k 5% 1/10W C1 : 1000pF, 2kV C2 : 4700pF, 2kV +HV 4.2: PMT R3479(KA HPKK) 14:2:3:2:2:2:2:2:2 C3 : 1000pF, 2kV C4 : 4700pF, 2kV C5,C6 : 0.1 microf, 2kV C7,C8 : 4.7 microf, 2kV D1 : 1SS352 U1 : MAX4107 L1,L2 : NFM41P11C : PMT R3479(KA HPKK) PMT R
40 4.1.2 PMT LED PMT 4.4: PMT 2 PMT HV PMT 27m PMT HV ND 4.5 PMT PMT ( ) HV (HV 30 39
41 HV ND ) HV LED 5V( 3.5V[9]) (60cm 43cm 22cm) ND 4.4 PMT 4.5 PMT Dark box pulse generator attenuator 19dB 4mLEMO cable ND filters gate OUT gate & delay generator 100nsec width 50 ohm LED PMT module IN TTL/NIM convertor PC OUT ADC gate IN 27m 4.5: PMT PMT ND 3 cm PMT (1)Gain HV (2) HV (3)
42 PMT 1 LED NSPB510s 3.6V 20mA 470nm 30 NDlter MAN series nm [10] pulse generator AVTECH AVI-V-C-N 1ch KHz nsec 0 50V TTL 100nsec 0 250nsec HV CAEN SY527(crate) A932AP(board) V AC100V [10] 4.2: PMT PMT 2(CAMAC) ADC C009 16ch 12bit pC(0-5V) 50 ns 800nsec 50 1LSB TDC ch 12bit nsec psec 4.3: PMT CAMAC 41
43 count PMT PMT Woomera ADC PMT PMT ADC PMT 1 Photoelectron (1 p.e.) 1 p.e p.e. 4.6: Photoelectron : : : 42
44 1 p.e. LED ADC 1 p.e. 0 p.e. 2 p.e. 3 p.e. F pois = F pois,0 pe + F pois,1 p.e. + F pois,2 p.e = 1 (4.1) F pois = F gauss,0 p.e. + F gauss,1 p.e. + F gauss,2 p.e = 1 (4.2) F gauss,n p.e. (n-p.e. ) F pois,n pe = F gauss,n p.e. S e µ µ n n! = F gauss,n p.e. F gauss,n p.e. = S e µ µ n 1 exp ( (x X n) 2 ) n! 2πσn 2σ 2 n (4.3) S ( ) µ X n σ n X n X n = n (X 1 X 0 ) + X 0 = n X + X 0 (n 0) (4.4) 43
45 σ n σ n = n σ (4.5) F pois = F pois,0 pe + F pois,1 p.e. + F pois,2 p.e = Se µ 1 exp ( (x X 0) 2 ) 2πσ0 2(σ 0 ) 2 + S e µ µ 1 1 exp ( (x X 0 1 X) 2 1! 2π 1σ 2( ) 1σ) 2 + S e µ µ 2 1 exp ( (x X 0 2 X) 2 2! 2π 2σ 2( ) 2σ) 2 + S e µ µ 3 1 exp ( (x X 0 3 X) 2 3! 2π 3σ 2( ) 3σ) (4.6) (µ ) ADC (X 0 ) (σ 0 ) 1 p.e. ADC ADC ( X), (σ) p.e. ( ) 1 p.e. PMT HV 1 p.e. ( ) 10 p.e. 1 p.e. 6 P1 (µ) 44
46 P2 ADC (X 0 ) P3 ADC (σ 0 ) P4 1 ADC ( PMT ) ( X) P5 1 ADCrms (σ) P6= 1 p.e. count total event = N =P6 fit by Poisson-Gaussian convolutional function 2000 P2 = P P3 P5 P4 ADC channel : : 1 p.e. : 1 p.e. 45
47 4.1.4 ND lter PMT LED( ) PMT LED PMT /UV LED NSPB510s ( 470 nm) AVL-V-C-N(AVtech ) 4.8 NSPB510s 4.8: T a = 25 I F = 20 ma LED NSPB510s 470 nm 46
48 PMT PMT ND MAN ND CANGAROO ND ND : % ND % ND 1% 1 )ND 2 V570 (JASCO ) ND 1. (1) ND 7 (a) 2002 ND % 7 3. (2) ND 6 (a) 2005 ND % 6 5. (3) ND 1 (a) 2008 ND 1% 1 7. (4) 47
49 4.9: ND ( ) % % % 20%
50 4.9 ND LED NSPB510s 470 nm 4.4 Value by SIGMA KOKI ND ND 470 nm ND lter ND lter old ( ) old-2005 ( ) 2008 ( ) Value by SIGMA KOKI ± N.A. 10± N.A. N.A. 20± N.A. 30± N.A. 40± N.A. 50± N.A. 70±5 4.4: 470nm ND lter old 2002 old N.A. ND PMT R3479 LED NSPB510s ND nm 4.4 ND 1. ND ND 49
51 PMT R3479 (ID : KA8706) ND lter ND lter old ( ) old-2005 ( ) 2008 ( ) ± ± ± ± ±1.1 N.A ±2.1 N.A. N.A ± ±2.6 N.A ± ±4.2 N.A ± ±5.3 N.A ± ±6.8 N.A. 4.5: PMT R3479(ID : KA8706) LED NSPB510s ND lter N.A. 2. PMT ND ND
52 4.1.5 PMT PMT CANGAROO-III PMT R3479 R3479 PMT54 Woomera PMT PMT 1. HV Gain HV (a) Gain HV HV 1 (b) Gain 2 1/2 HV HV 2 HV 1/2 10 p.e. 3 Gain HV (HV HV α ) 2. HV (a) Gain HV HV t 1p.e. (HV t HV 1 5 % ) 3. PMT (a) ND lter p.e. (b) 3.(a) ND lter PMT PMT 1. HV CANGAROO-III PMT R
53 PMT ( 4.1) PMT HV 1. HV G = ( ) α HV1 (4.7) 1400 G 1400V α PMT HV ( ) 4.7 HV 1 Gain x HV HV x ( ( ) α ) x HVx = (4.8) G G HV x = HV 1 x 1 α (4.9) 4.9 Gain 2 1/2 HV HV 2 HV 1/2 HV 1 HV 2 HV 1/2 3 HV Gain HV HV 1 α (α =4.9 [9] ) 2. Gain HV HV t HV I. HV II. Gain HV (HV= ) III. PMT HV HV 2. HV 1 PMT 10 ( 90 ) 52
54 4.2 PMT PMT54 Woomera PMT54 53(98.1% ) 1 (1.9% ) % 63 5 (7.95% ) 5 (7.95% ) PMT 5 Woomera New( ) Used Everything O.K. 53+5=58 Bad Q.E.( ) 5+1=6 64 PMT 4.10: R3479 PMT PMT54 Woomera 63 Everything O.K. Bad Q.E. Spark 53
55 4.2.1 Gain HV Gain HV PMT 10p.e Gain HV HV 1 HV 1 Gain 2 1/2 HV HV 2 HV 1/2 PMT ADC 1000events ADC pC (ADCmean pedestal) Gain = (4.10) ( (C)) HV Gain = K (HV ) α (4.11) 4.11 ( log ) Gain HV vs Gain Number of PMTs 6 5 Alpha vs Count s ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN E Voltage (V) alpha 4.11: PMTR3479(ID : KA8706) PMT α (σ = 1.5% ) PMT PMT 4.9(σ =2.1 )[9] 4.8(σ =2.0 )[10] 3 α 1% 54
56 4.2.2 HV PMT (60 ) Gain HV (4.2.1 ) HV 3 PMT α HV 1 PMT 10 ( 90 ) ND 1 p.e. A D PMT HV P1( ) 1 P4 ( ADC ) LED 5V LED (5V [9]) PMT LED ND ( PMT ND ) ND PMT ( ) PMT ND PMT 1p.e. P1 20 P4 PMT ( ) HV P P4 HV PMT ND 55
57 Photoelectrons VS ND filter ratio Photoelectrons ND filter ratio 4.12: ND ND PMT 4 p.e. 1 p.e. ND (10 20 p.e. ) ND PMT PMT HV 4.13 Number of PMTs 6 5 HV, where 1.2e7 gain ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN HV (V) 4.13: PMT R HV 1275V(σ = 7.9% ) PMT 1275V(σ = 7.9% ) 1144V(σ =6.7 )[9] 1230V(σ =10 )[10] HV HPKK PMT PMT 56
58 4.2.3 PMT ND P4 P4 (1 ) ADC = ADCmean pedestal P 4 (4.12) [10] x (x a) f(x) = ((x a+c) b c b ) c (1 b) + a (x > a) b (4.13) a a 4.14 PMTR3479 (PMT ID : KA8706) Output p.e Linearity Deviation(%) Linearity Deviation Expected p.e Expected p.e. 4.14: PMT R3479(PMT ID : KA8706) : Linearity : ND (p.e.) : (p.e.) : Deviation : (p.e.) : (%) 4.14 ND 4.14 ( ) 4.15 PMT (a ) 57
59 Number of PMTs 10 8 Saturation point vs Counts ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN Saturation point (p.e.) 4.15: R3479 PMT 165 p.e.(σ = 4.1% ) 132 p.e. ( 4.15 Saturation point 130 ) 226p.e.(σ =7.3 )[9] 202p.e.(σ =6.3 )[10] 50 p.e. LED 5 V ( 3.5V[9]) LED 5V LED (NSPB510s 2.5V) [9] LED ( ) PMT PMT 58
60 4.2.4 R p.e. P1 1 p.e. Gain HV Gain PMT P1 0.8 PMT ( P1 1.2 ) 1 p.e. ( ) p.e. PMT ( 4.16 ) Number of PMTs 7 6 Input 1 p.e. ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN Number of PMTs 6 5 Input 100 p.e. ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN phtoelectrons phtoelectrons 4.16: PMTR3479 : 1 p.e. : 1 p.e. PMT Gain p.e. 100 p.e. 80 p.e. PMT 54 1 (1.85% ) Woomera PMT 63 5 (7.93% ) PMT 1 p.e. 0.8 p.e
61 p.e. 1 p.e : R3479 1p.e. 100 p.e. 1p.e. 100 p.e p.e. 1 p.e. 1 p.e. 1 p.e. P1 1.0±0.2(±20% ) PMT 1.0±0.2 PMT R3479 PMT R8900U 60
62 4.3 PMT PMT PMTR PMTR3479 MAX4107 ( 4.3 ) 4.18: PMT R3479 MAX4107 MAX4107 PMT 132 p.e. PMT 171 p.e. 30% ( ) PMT PMT 61
63 Output p.e Linearity Deviation(%) Linearity Deviation Expected p.e Expected p.e. 4.19: PMT KA8320 : Linearity : ND (p.e.) : (p.e.) : Deviation : (p.e.) : (%) 132 p.e. Output p.e Linearity Deviation(%) Linearity Deviation Expected p.e Expected p.e. 4.20: PMT KA8320 : Linearity : ND (p.e.) : (p.e.) : Deviation : (p.e.) : (%) 171 p.e %
64 4.3.2 PMT PMT % 47 ( 74% ). 53 PMT 4 ( 6.34% ) PMT 2 ( 3.17% ) : PMT HV 2 HV PMT PMT R3479 PMT 1 Woomera PMT HV LED 4.22 Woomera PMT HV 920V HV ( ) 63
65 4.22: Woomera PMT HV LED 4.23 HV 900V ( 4.23) 4.23: Woomera PMT HV 920V HV LED HV 900V PMT 64
66 4.4 PMT Gain CANGAROO- III 10 m 114 PMT PMT 1/2 PMT PMT PMT Gain CANGAROO-III PMT R3479 PMT ( 4.1) PMT HV HV ( ) α G = HV G 1400V x HV HV x ( ( ) α ) x HVx = G G HV x = HV 1 x 1 α HV 1 CANGAROO-III PMT HV HV p HV x = HV p x 1 α PMT HV HV p PMT HV α 65
67 2 PMT CANGAROO-III ( ) ( ) PMT 2 PMT854 (1 427 PMT ) PMT HV 1 α 2 HV HV PMT (10 ) PMT ID HV 1 alpha HV 2 KA KA KA KA KA KA KA KA KA KA : PMT HV HV 1 2 HV HV 2 α 10 PMT ID
68 4.5 CANGAROO-III PMT ( 4.24) 4.24: CANGAROO-III Winston Cone PMT CANGAROO-III Winston Cone ( 4.25) 4.25 Winston Cone o' z' o' A Winston Cone B Winston Cone θ 0 z > 0 ( θ 0 θ 0 z > 0 z ) 67
69 L B r r light z a a a a 0 0 focus2 o -f o =focus1 A : pass with 0 or 1 bounce z on-z axis B : rejected 1 2 z = r -f 4f 4.25: Winston Cone Winston Cone A Winston Cone B Winston Cone LG SiO 300nm 400nm 80% 33 1 PMTR3479 PMT R PMT
70 ±0.22 Lgiht Guiede (LG ) R3479 No LG (p.e.) LG (p.e.) LG / No LG KA8650 (R3479) : R LG LG 10 LG4 LG ADC count LG LG 4.26: 69
71 New Light Guide 1 (ADC) Old and damaged Light Guide 1 (ADC) New Light Guide 2 (ADC) Old and damaged Light Guide 2 (ADC) New Light Guide 3 (ADC) Old and damaged Light Guide 3 (ADC) New Light Guide 4 (ADC) Old and damaged Light Guide 4 (ADC) 4.27: LG( ) LG( ) 10 LG4 LG4 8 ADC count 70
72 ADC count ±0.023 CANGAROO-III LG LG (ADC count) New LG Old damaged LG Old damaged / New total : 0.944±0.023 ( 470 nm LED NSPB510s ) CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III 71
73 5 PMT Ultra Bialkali PMT CANGAROO-III PMT R3479 PMT PMT PMT (4 ch) PMT R8900U (HPKK) R8900U Photocathode PMT R3479 Bialkali Ultra Bialkali(UBA) 40% (PMT R % 1.6 ) PMT R8900U 5.1 UBA R8900U PMT R8900U (Photocathode) PMT R3479 Bialkali Ultra Bialkali(UBA) PMT CANGAROO- III PMT R3479 Bialkali (Sb-Rb-Cs Sb-K-Cs) "Bi"alkali 420 nm ( nm) R8900U UltraBialkali 350 nm Bialkali R3479 R8900U 72
74 R3479 (Bialkali) R8900U-200-M4 (Ultra Bialkali) eective area (mm 2 ) = Se ϕ = 15mm = mm square = real area (mm 2 ) = Sr 24mm HEX = mm square = light guide gain = elg (no light guide) elgse/sr = fgeom fkd fp MT = fgeomfkd fqe fgeomfqe = ϵtotal FOM fgeom = (1-3.5/L) 2 L = 40 mm, fgeom = (+10%) 5.1: R3479 R8900U-200-M4 R8900U-200-M
75 R3479 R8900U (4 ch) PMT 5.1 PMT R3479 R8900U R8900U PMT 5.1: R3479 R8900 R8900U PMT PMT R3479 R8900U R3479 (LG) 4.5 LG SiO CANGAROO-III LG PMT (4.5 ) LG LG PMT R8900U LG 74
76 5.2 R8900U 5.2 PMT R8900U 30mm(square) 29mm Borosilicate(R8900U-200-M4) UV (R8900U-203-M4) 23.5mm square. Ultra Bialkali (400nm ) at 800V (PMT ) 1.4nsec 11.4nsec 5.2: nm R : R8900U 75
77 R8900U 4 4 R P1 P4 R8900U ( 5.2) ( 5.3) 5.3 R : R8900U R3479 GND GND R8900U ( ) CANGAROO-III DC R8900U Borosilicate ( ) R8900U-200-M4 UV R8900U-203-M4 2 76
78 PMT R8900U 30 mm PMT PMT R Dark room pulse generator attenuator 19dB 4mLEMO cable (2) ND filters gate OUT gate & delay generator 100nsec width 50 ohm LED 8m PMT module IN TTL/NIM convertor PC OUT ADC gate IN 27m 5.4: PMT ND 8 m LED ND LED PMT ADC LED ND 8 m 77
79 CANGAROO-III 8 m PMT ND ADC LED LED 5V PMT ND PMT LED 8 m LED PMT R8900U LED 8 m PMT 5.4 PMTR3479 ˆ (x ) PMTR cm 60 cm 1 m ˆ (y ) 3 cm 66 cm ˆ (x ) (y ) ND 8 m LED xy 1.00 ADC count (x = 45, y = 0) 8 m ND LED PMT (x = 45, y = 0)
80 5.5: x 1 m 3cm x =45 cm x 5.6: y x 3cm y = 0 cm y 79
81 5.7: x y (x = 45, y = 0) y = x = x = y = +3 Center x = 45 y = x = 48 x = y = y = : (x=45,y=0) (% ) Center 1 x y ±3 cm x y ±6 cm -x 1 cm 0.53% 5.8 (x=45,y=0) (% ) Center 1 x y ±3 cm PMT - x 1 cm 0.53 % (X = -6 cm ) 1 cm 80
82 5.2.2 R3479 SA0079( ) R8900U PMT R3479 PMT PMT R3479 PMT SA0079 ( 5.9 ) 5.9: : PMT SA0079 PMT SA0079 PMT R3479 R3479 : SA SA0079 SA0079 R8900U 4.3 ( 5.9 ) R3479 SA0079 R3479 R3479 SA p.e. LG LG ( 5.10) Photoelectron 5.3 R3479 SA0079 LG R8900U 81
83 5.10: Lgiht Guiede (LG ) R3479 SA0079 No LG (p.e.) LG (p.e.) LG / No LG SA KA8650 (R3479) : R3479 SA0079 R3479 SA
84 5.3 R8900U PMT R8900U PMT R8900U- 200-M4 PMT R3479 [10] [9] HV PMT HV PMT (60 ) HV PMTR8900U R8900U-200-M4 1 PMT HV HV HV PMTR8900U PMT 1. Gain HV (a) HV V Gain Gain HV 2. R8900U HV (a) Gain HV HV t 1p.e. 3. PMT (a) ND lter p.e. (b) 3.(a) ND lter PMT PMT 83
85 5.3.1 R8900U Gain HV PMT R3479 PMT R8900U HV HV (HV = V 5 ) PMT ADC 1000events ADC R pC PMT R3479 Gain = (ADCmean pedestal) (5.1) ( (C)) HV R3479 Gain = K (HV ) α (5.2) 5.11 ( log ) Gain HV vs Gain Voltage V 5.11: R8900U PMT R α 8.36 R8900U R (R PMT α α = 4.9) HV 84
86 R3479 R8900U (R3479 R8900U ) : PMT : PMT PMT PMT : PMT PMT PMT R3479 R8900U HV HV R8900U 1000V R V R8900U HV HV 85
87 5.3.2 R8900U HV PMT R8900U (PMT R3479 ) (60 ) PMT R Photoelectron P1( ) 1 P4 ( ADC ) 8 R Photoelectron 5.13 fit by Poisson-Gaussian convolutional function 5.13: R8900U 1p.e. PMT R8900U-200-M4 HV HV t = 698V R (R V) HV R
88 5.3.3 R8900U R3479 ND 4.13 [10] 5.14 Output p.e Linearity Deviation(%) Linearity Deviation Expexted p.e Expected p.e. 5.14: R8900U : Linearity : ND (p.e.) : (p.e.) : Deviation : (p.e.) : (%) R8900U-200-M (a ) 248 p.e. R PMT (165 p.e.) 1.50 R8900U R3479 MAX4107 AD8009AR MAX AD8009AR MAX
89 5.15: MAX4107 AD8009AR AD8009AR 1.5 [14] 88
90 PMT PMT Compton ( from Inverse Compton ) π 0 2γ( from Proton ) 2 GeV TeV 4 2 GeV TeV 4 R3479 CANGAROO-III 160 p.e. GeV TeV 1 R8900U 2 PMT R8900U 250 p.e. R PMT ADC p.e. ADC 250 p.e. ADC p.e AD8009AR PMT R8900U R3479( MAX4107) 89
91 5.4 R3479 R8900U R R3479(Bialkali) R8900U-200- M4(UltraBialkali) Bialkali UltraBialkali R3479 R8900U-200-M mm 6 mm Dark room pulse generator attenuator 19dB 4mLEMO cable (2) ND filters gate OUT gate & delay generator 100nsec width 50 ohm LED 8m PMT module IN TTL/NIM convertor PC OUT ADC gate IN 27m 5.16: R3479 R8900U-200-M4 6mm 90
92 1 Photoelectron HV 100 Photoelectrons ND 1 Photoelectron HV ND Photoelectron 6 mm PMT 5.4 Bialkali Ultrabialkali model eective area(mm 2 ) measured p.e. p.e./mm 2 Q.E. ratio R3479 (Bialkali) R8900U-200-M4 (Ultra Bialkali) : Bialkali Ultra Bialkali 6mm PMT 6 mm Photoelectron R8900U-200-M4(UltraBialkali) R3479(Bialkali) 1.45 PMT (f KD1 ) R R8900U 0.7 R3479 R8900U 5.4 (f KD1 ) (f KD1 ) 5.5 f KD1 R3479(Bialkali) 91
93 f KD1 R8900U 1.65 Bialkali UltraBialkali model Q.E. ratio Q.E. ratio with f KD1 f KD1 without f KD1 R3479 (Bialkali) R8900U-200-M4 (Ultra Bialkali) : (f KD1 ) f KD1 R3479(Bialkali) f KD1 R8900U 1.65 PMT R3479 R8900U PMT 5.17(93 ) PMT Bialkali Ultra- Bialkali ( Super Bialkali(SBA) SBA ) LED NSPB510s LED nm 470 nm 5.17 Bialkali( ) 21% UltraBialkali( ) 29% 470 nm UltraBialkali Bialkali f KD1 f KD LED
94 LED 470 nm LED nm 500nm 10nm (94 ) 5.17: Bialkali Ultra Bialkali 470nm LED( 4.8) Bialkali 21% Ultra Bialkali 29% Borosilicate ( ) ( ) i nm w i Bialkali ϵ i(ba) Ultra- 93
95 LED (nm) BA (%) UBA (%) : LED BA Bialkali UBA UltraBialkali Bialkali ϵ i(uba) < ϵ >= Σw iϵ i Σw i (5.3) Bialkali UltraBialkali < ϵ BA >= (5.4) < ϵ UBA >= (5.5) 29.24/20.85 = 1.40 UltraBialkali 1.40 f KD HPKK PMT (1% ) R8900U-203-M4 1% HPKK R8900U 94
96 5.4.2 PMT R8900U-200-M4 R8900U-200-M4 4 4 =16 1 Photoelectron ND HV ND HV 15 Photoelectron PMT ( ) HV ADC count ( ) PMT R8900U-200-M : R8900U % % 95
97 5.4.3 PMT 16 1 Photoelectron ND HV 100 Photoelectrons ND ND Photoelectron HV Photoelectron Photoelectron : % R8900U-200-M % 96
98 5.4.4 PMT R8900U-200-M4 (5.4.2 ) (5.4.3 ) PMT (5.4.2 ) (5.4.3 ) % : % 97
99 5.4.5 PMT Borosilicate( ) (R8900U-200-M4) UV (r8900u-203-m4) 5.7 model measured p.e. quantum eciency ratio R8900U-200-M4 (Borosilicate) R8900U-203-M4 (UV) : LED NSPB510s( ) 470 nm : LED 470nm( 4.8) UV 100% 400nm UV 98
100 5.21 LED 470 nm UV 100% 400 nm UV : LED 470nm( 4.8 ) UV 350nm UV LED 470nm(4.8) UV 350nm UV UV
101 PMT R8900U 4 16 R8900U-200- M4(Borosilicate ) R8900U-203-M4(UV ) 5.23 R8900U-200-M4(Borosilicate ) R8900U-203-M4(UV ) 4 1% : 4 R8900U-200- M4(Borosilicate) R8900U-203-M4(UV) 5.24 R8900U-200-M4(Borosilicate ) R8900U-203-M4(UV ) 4 1% nm 5.25 R8900U-200-M4(Borosilicate ) R8900U-203-M4(UV ) nm 100
102 : 4 R8900U-200- M4(Borosilicate) R8900U-203-M4(UV) 1% : 4 R8900U-200- M4(Borosilicate) R8900U-203-M4(UV) R8900U 4 PMT 4 HV 4 4 HV 101
103 eective area (mm 2 ) = S e real area (mm 2 ) = S r R3479 (Bialkali) ϕ =15mm mm HEX R8900U-200-M4 (Ultra Bialkali) 23.5mm square mm square light guide gain = e LG (no light guide) e LG S e /S r = f geom f KD f geom f KD1 = f P MT quantum eciency ratio = f QE nm nm f P MT f QE = ϵ total ϵ total ratio 5.8: R3479 R8900U-200-M4 R8900U-200-M (@470 nm) R3479 R8900U 5.8 S e S r e LG R ( 4.7 ) R8900U f geom 102
104 / R8900U f KD1 1 f geom PMT f P MT f P MT f QE ϵ total ϵ total R3479 R8900U 1.47 (@470 nm) ( ) (IACT GeV GeV) ux E 2 IACT Hadron S/N CANGAROO-III PMT R3479 PMT PMT (4 ch) PMT R8900U R8900U R
105 6 PMT ( ) 10 1 PMT PMT ( ) PMT IACT 104
106 CTA Pulsar ( : E threshold = 10 GeV Pulsar (cut o ) CANGAROO-III IACT TeV Pulsar ( ) Pulsar Pulsar Pulsar Pulsar Outer gap model Polar cap model ( 6.1 [15]) 2 model Outer gap model Polar cap model Outer gap model Outer gap model 10GeV Polar cap model GeV 10GeV MAGIC Crab Pulsar 25GeV 12GeV Outer gap model [15] 6.1 MAGIC Crab Pulsar [15] MAGIC 1 PMT TeV 105
107 Outer gap region Light cylinder Polar cap region Neutron star Rotation axis Slot gap region Magnetic field Closed field lines A B C D Counts Counts Counts x10 3 Counts x MAGIC >60G ev Phase MAGIC >25G ev Phase EGRET >1G ev Phase EGRET >100 MeV Open field lines E Amplitude Phase 3 x10 MAGIC optical Phase 6.1: : Pulsar : MAGIC Crab (E threshold = 25 GeV [15] E threshold = 25 GeV GeV ( 8 p.e. 100 ns ) Pulse Height 6 p.e. Pulse Height 6 p.e. 0.03% PMT R8900U ( 8 p.e. 100 ns ) Pulse Height 6 p.e. 0.03% PMT R3479 PMTR8900U 106
108 R3479 ( 6.2) 2 µs (Pulse Height) ( mv ) 6.2: R3479 LED 5 p.e. LED 100 p.e. 60 mv 2 s 2 µs 107
109 6.1.2 R3479 R8900U R8900U 6.3 R3479 Dark room pulse generator attenuator 19dB ND filters 4mLEMO cables (2) gate OUT gate & delay generator 100nsec width 50 ohm LED 8m PMT module IN OUT TTL/NIM convertor PC ADC gate IN oscilloscope 27m 6.3: R8900U Gate R µs ADC Gate 2 µs ADC Gate 2 µs C009 ADC 50 ns Gate 160 ns ADC Gate 160 ns 160 ns 13 = 2080 ns ns ( : 6.4) Gate counts 108
110 LED signal ADC Gate 1 ADC Gate ADC Gate ns 6.4: LED ADC Gate Gate 160 ns Gate = 2080 ns Gate counts ns Pulsar (E threshold = 10 GeV 100 ns 8 p.e. (Pulse Height 0 30 p.e. 6 p.e. Pulse Height PMT 100 ns 8 p.e. Pulse Height 6 p.e. = (6.1) PMT 6 p.e. Pulse Height 0.03% Pulse Height 6 p.e. PMT R3479 PMT R8900U 6.2 Pulse Height 109
111 Pulse Height 6 p.e. ADC 6 p.e. (6 p.e. ) Pulse Height 3 p.e. (6 p.e. ) 3 p.e. ADC ADC = P edestal 3 p.e. 6 p.e. ADC Ch 3pecut = P edestal + (3p.e. ADC ) (6.2) Ch 6pecut = P edestal + (6p.e. ADC ) (6.3) Ch 3pecut Ch 6pecut ( 6.5 ) 6.5: : : ADC count count Mean ADC count 3 6 p.e. ADC channel 110
112 1. PMT ˆ PMT R3479(PMT ID:KA8650 ) PMTR8900U-200-M4 2 PMT 2. ˆ PMT p.e.( 100 ns ) 4 ( 100ns 8 p.e. 10 p.e. 3 5 p.e. 30 p.e. ) 3. Pulse Height ADC ˆ PMT 3 p.e. (3 p.e. cut) ˆ PMT 6 p.e. (6 p.e. cut) 111
113 PMT R3479 R8900U-200-M PMT After Pulse Rate ( ) 3pe input (%) 5pe input (%) 10pe input (%) 30pe input (%) R3479 (3cut) R3479 (6cut) R8900U-200 (3cut ) R8900U-200 (6cut) : PMT ADC cut PMT (3cut) 3 p.e. cut (6cut) 6 p.e. cut 6.1 PMT R3479 R8900U-200- M4 3 p.e. cut 6 p.e. cut PMT R3479 R8900U-200-M4 R8900U-200-M4 cut PMT cut 3 p.e. 6 p.e. cut ADC cut 3 p.e. cut 2 30 p.e. 0.03% 112
114 6.2.2 Pulse Height Pulse Height R3479 R8900U-200-M4 PMT 3p.e. 6 p.e. ADC 6.6 ln N events Photoelectrons vs Events ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN ln N events 10 Photoelectrons vs Events ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN photoelectrons photoelectrons 6.6: Pulse Height R3479 R8900U-200-M4 3p.e. 6 p.e. ADC Pulse Height Photoelectron Log 6.4 N Pulse Height P.H. Pulse Height ( ) P.H. N = A exp (6.4) ρ ρ Pulse Height ρ
115 PMT After Pulse (Pulse Height) 3pe input 5pe input 10pe input 30pe input R3479 (3cut) R3479 (6cut) R8900U-200 (3cut) R8900U-200 (6cut) : ρ PMT ADC cut 6.2 PMT R3479 R8900U-200- M4 3 p.e. cut 6 p.e. cut ρ= p.e. 114
116 6.2.3 ( ) R3479 R8900U-200-M4 PMT 3p.e. 6 p.e. ADC 6.7 ln N events Time vs Events ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN ln N events Time vs Events ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN Time (ns) Time (ns) 6.7: R3479 R8900U-200-M4 3p.e. 6 p.e. ADC cut Log 6.5 N T Pulse Height ( ) T N = B exp (6.5) τ e X x τ ( ) 115
117 ( ) ( ) 6.7 ( 6.8) ln N events Time vs Events ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN ln N events Time vs Events ID Entries Mean RMS UDFLW OVFLW ALLCHAN Time (ns) Time (ns) 6.8: 6.7 T = ns R3479 R8900U-200-M τ PMT R3479 R8900U- 200-M4 3 p.e. cut 6 p.e. cut τ= ns 116
118 PMT After Pulse (Time constant,0 nsec < T) 3pe input 5pe input 10pe input 30pe input R3479 (3cut) R3479 (6cut) R8900U-200 (3cut ) R8900U-200 (6cut) : τ PMT ADC cut PMT After Pulse (Time constant,320 nsec < T) 3pe input 5pe input 10pe input 30pe input R3479 (3cut) R3479 (6cut) R8900U-200 (3cut ) R8900U-200 (6cut) : τ PMT ADC cut 117
119 7 Discussion 7.1 PMT R3479 CANGAROO-III PMT R3479 CANGAROO-III PMT 1. PMT 2. Woomera PMT Woomera 3. PMT CANGAROO-III ( PMT ) 1. 2 Woomera PMT Woomera Woomera PMT 3 PMT 118
120 7.2 R8900U 350 nm PMT 470 nm LED(NSPB510 ) 350 nm nm Ultra Bialkali Borosilicate UV nm 350 nm 7.1 PMT HPKK data R8900U-200-M4 R (Borosilicate Glass) 1.54 R8900U-203-M4 R8900U-200-M (UV Glass) 1.11 R : 350 nm R8900U-203-M4 R nm 2.09 HPKK data Borosilicate UV 1.88 UV PMT R
121 7.3 UBA Ultra Bailkali PMT R8900U PMT R PMT R8900U % 3. PMT 1. CTA 1000 PMT PMT R3479 R8900U 2. R8900U R3479 R8900U % PMT 3 PMT R3479 PMT 120
122 8 Conclusion 8.1 PMT R3479 ˆ Gain HV HV 3 PMT HV 1 PMT 10 ( 90 ) 4.9(σ = 1.5% ) ˆ HV 1275V(σ = 7.9% ) ˆ 165 p.e.(σ = 4.1% ) 150 p.e. ˆ 100 p.e. 80 p.e. PMT 20% PMT 54 1 (1.85% ) Woomera PMT 63 5 (7.93% ) 20% ˆ PMT % 2 ( 3.17% ) 4 ( 6.34% ) PMT
123 5 1 23% ˆ Gain CANGAROO-III T3 T4 PMT854 Gain 2 HV HV LG LG ˆ LG 2.13±0.22 ˆ LG 0.944±0.023 LG 8.3 Ultra Bialkali PMT (4 ch) PMT R8900U ( 8.1 ) ˆ R8900U-200-M4 R8900U HV Gain HV ˆ R8900U HV 8.36 R (R PMT α α = 4.9) HV R8900U PMT 122
124 ˆ HV 698V R (R V) HV R3479 ˆ (a ) 248 p.e. R PMT (165 p.e.) 1.50 R8900U R3479 MAX4107 AD8009AR MAX ˆ Photocathode Bialkali(R3479) Ultra Bialkali(R8900U- 200-M4) R ( 470 nm) R3479 UV R8900U- 200-M4 Borocilicate 470 nm ˆ 350 nm 1.88 PMT Borosilicate (R8900U-200-M4) UV (R8900U-203-M4) 2.09 ˆ ˆ R8900U-200-M4 R8900U-203-M4 4 4 ( ) 123
125 PMT HPKK data R8900U-200-M4(Borosilicate Glass) R3479 HV 1.72 A R A R A B 2.5 A 1.5 A 3.3 A R8900U-203-M4(UV Glass) R8900U-200-M A B R A B A = 470 nm B = 350 nm 8.1: UBA 124
126 8.4 PMT PMT ( 8.2) ˆ Pulsar (E threshold = 10 GeV ( 100 ns 8 p.e. ) Pulse Height 6 p.e. 0.03% R ±0.07% R8900U 0.38±0.17% 0.03% ˆ Pulse Height ˆ ns τ τ PMT After Pulse Rate ( ) 3pe input (%) 5pe input (%) 10pe input (%) 30pe input (%) R3479 (3cut) R3479 (6cut) R8900U-200 (3cut ) R8900U-200 (6cut) : PMT ADC cut PMT (3cut) 3 p.e. cut (6cut) 6 p.e. cut 125
127 D3 M2 M1 CANGAROO 126
128 127
129 [1] Nishimura,J., Hand bd Phys. XLV1/2, Springer-Velag, [2] A. M. Hillas. Proceedings of ICRC volume 3, 445. [3] A. V. Plyasheshnikov and G. F. Bignami. Nuovo Cim, 8C, 39, [4] 2 (1998). [5] W.R.Leo,Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments(1994). [6] (1960). [7] (1996). [8] The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) Project, [9] ( 2003 ). [10] ( 2002 ). [11] ( 2001 ). [12] ( 2002 ). [13] ( 2005 ). [14] ( 2009 ). 128
130 [15] The MAGIC Collaboration, Sciencexpress, vol322, "Observation of Pulsed -Rays Above 25 GeV From the Crab Pulsar with MAGIC "(2008). [16] F.A.Aharonian, Very High Energy Cosmic Gamma Radiation (World Scientic Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 2004). [17] (1999). [18] (2004 ). 129
131 130
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3 SPECT SJ SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT 9ch MPPC array 3 3 9 3 3 9.mm(sigma) . SPECT..................................................................3............
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SPring-8 RFgun JASRI/SPring-8 6..7 Contents.. 3.. 5. 6. 7. 8. . 3 cavity γ E A = er 3 πε γ vb r B = v E c r c A B A ( ) F = e E + v B A A A A B dp e( v B+ E) = = m d dt dt ( γ v) dv e ( ) dt v B E v E
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