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1 Notes on the intelligibility of Japanese EFL learners pronunciation Shigeru Yamane Today, English is not only used as a means of communication in English speaking countries but also in many other countries in the world as a useful tool for international communication. In terms of English as an International Language, we may be able to regard Japanese English as one variant of English. Then, to what extent is English spoken by Japanese learners intelligible? Should all the pronunciation errors be corrected? There seems to be a general shift of interest in research on error analysis from the categorization of errors committed by non-native speakers of the target language to the investigation of the intelligibility of non-native speech judged by native/non-native speakers. More recent studies, however, concentrate more upon how these errors are perceived by native/non-native speakers and which errors impede communication. It is reasonable to assume that there may be some errors in pronunciation which are relatively more understandable, while other errors severely disrupt communication. It is pointed out in this paper that misplaced word accent would severely impede intelligibilty. Pronunciation errors in consonants also affect intelligibilty while the effects of vowel mispronunciation might have on communication were limited. foreign accent intelligibility
2 Celce-Murcia, Brinton, Goodwin and Griner accent variety Levis nativeness principle intelligibility principle audiolingualism Jonesintelligible error analysis Schachter, Scott, Kachru, World Englishes Communicative Language Teaching
3 intelligibility English as an International Language: EIL Celce-Murcia, et. al,, p. intelligible pronunciation Jenkins, Derwing & Munro, comprehensibility Jenkins / /, /ð/ th think/k/ /s k/ Jenkins Lingua Franca Core core L Munro and Derwing intelligibility comprehensibility intelligibility
4 comprehensibility comprehensibility extremely easy to understand, impossible to understand p Derwing and Munro accentedness accent intelligibilitycomprehensibility L error gravity Delisle, Politzer, Chastain, Guntermann, Ensz, Piazza, Hughes and Lascaratou Piazza degree of irritation language attitude Celce-Murcia, et al., Derwing, Scales et al.,
5 intelligibility prosody segmentals Jenkins, Roach,, p. Derwing, Munro, and Wiebe foreign accent
6 comprehensibilityfluency spontaneous speech Derwing & Rossiter Yabuuchi and Satoi Celce-Murcia et al.,, p. Roach,, p., Yamane, Yamane Field húsband husbánd enjóy énjoy citation form Benrabah nórmally normálly no money
7 intelligibility wrítten writtén retain Yamane cómmerce commérce Zielinski mora-timed rhythm stress-timed rhythm Ishida, Kashiwagi & Snyder Kashiwagi, Snyder & Craig, Koster & Koet, Riney, Takagi & Inutsuka, Ishida TTS: Text-To-Speech synthesis software I remember the voice of my sister. remember voice sister /r/, /v/, /s/ /l/, /b/, / / PERhaps, these TOmatoes are from EuROPE.
8 Kashiwagi and Snyder Roach, p. foreignsounding that /ðæt/ I hope that she will. that /ð t/ schwa /a/ Yamane Yamane, p vowel addition vowel substitution consonant substitution consonant deletion some /s m/ /samu/
9 intelligibility *** *** *** *** *** ***p Yamane, p O Connor, p skeleton Ashby and Maidment, p. Mary Had a Little Lamb. / / /m r h d l t l l m/ great vowel shift /hu:s/ /ho s/ Roach,, p. mail/me l/ /me l/ accent-related discrimination think this that / /, /ð/ Saito,, p /p, t, k/ /f,, s, / /t / fortis Collins & Mees, /s/ /t, p/ /p/ Nishio & Tsuzuki,
10 /p, t, k/ aspiration /p, t, k/ VOT voice onset time VOT /p, t, k/ VOT VOT Flege & Eefting, Major, Riney & Takagi, Suenobu, M., Kanzaki, K., & Yamane, S.. Anderson-Hsieh, J.. Using electronic visual feedback to teach suprasegmentals. System 20,. Anderson-Hsieh, J., Johnson, R., & Koehler, K.. The relationship between native speaker judgments of nonnative pronunciation and deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure. Language Learning 42,.
11 intelligibility Ashby, M. & Maidment, J.. Introducing phonetic science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Avery, P., & Ehrlich, S.. Teaching American English pronunciation. Oxford University Press. Benrabah, M.. Word stress a source of unintelligibility in English. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 35,. Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., Goodwin, J. M., & Griner, B.. Teaching pronunciation paperback with audio CDs 2 : A course book and reference guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chastain, K.. Native speaker reaction to instructor-identified student second-language errors. The Modern Language Journal, 64,. Collins, B. & Mees, I. M.. Practical phonetics and phonology. London: Routledge. Cruttenden, A.. Gimson s pronunciation of English. London: Routledge. Crystal, D.. Phonetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crystal, D.. English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D.. English phonetics and phonology: A practical course th ed.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Delisle, H. H.. Native speaker judgment and the evaluation of errors in German. The Modern Language Journal, 66,. Derwing, T. M.. What do ESL students say about their accents? Canadian Modern Language Review, 59,. Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G.. Evidence in favor of a broad framework for pronunciation instruction. Language Learning, 48,. Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M.J.. Second language accent and pronunciation teaching: A research-based approach. TESOL Quarterly, 39,. Derwing, T. M., & Rossiter, M.. The effect of pronunciation instruction on the accuracy, fluency and complexity of L accented speech. Applied Language Learning, 13,. Ensz, K.. French attitudes toward typical speech errors of American speakers of French. The Modern Language Journal, 66,. Field, J.. Psycholinguistics: A resource book for students. NY Routlede. Flege, J. E. & Eefting, W.. Cross-language switching in stop consonant perception and production by Dutch speakers of English. Speech Communication, 6,.. : Gilbert, J. B.. Clear speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Guntermann, G.. A study of the frequency and communicative effects of errors in Spanish. The Modern Language Journal, 62,. Hayward, K.. Experimental phonetics. Harlow: Longman. Hewings, M.. Pronunciation practice activities: A resource book for teaching English pronunciation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hewings, M.. English pronunciation in use: advanced. Cambridge University Press. Ishida, K.. Factors affecting intelligibility of English: comparison of effects caused by segmental and prosody errors generated by the text-to-speech technology. Journal of Kansai University
12 Graduate School of Foreign Language Education and Research, 11,. Jenkins, J.. The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, D.. The pronunciation of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kachru, B. B.. The other tongue. English across cultures. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Kachru, B. B.. The alchemy of English: The spread, functions, and models of non-native Englishes. New York: Pergamon Press. Kashiwagi, A., & Snyder, M.. Intelligibility of Japanese college freshmen as listened to by native and non-native listeners. JACET Journal, 53,. Kashiwagi, A., Snyder, M., & Craig, J.. Suprasegmentals vs. segmentals: NNS phonological errors leading to actual miscommunication. JACET Journal, 43,. Koster, C., & Koet, T.. The evaluation of accent in the English of Dutchmen. Language Learning, 43. Lehiste, I. Isochrony reconsidered. Journal of Phonetics, 5,. Levis, J. M.. Changing contexts and shifting paradigms in pronunciation teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 39,. Major, R. C.. English voiceless stop production by speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Phonetics, 15,. Makarova, V., & Rodgers, T. eds.. English language teaching: the case of Japan. München Newcastle : LINCOM Europa. Morley, J.. Pronunciation pedagogy and theory: New view, new direction. Alexandria, VA: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Munro M. J., & Derwing. T. M.. Foreign accent, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language Learning, 49,. Nishio, Y., & Tsuzuki, M.. Phonological features of Japanese EFL speakers from the perspective of intelligibility. JACET Journal, 58,. O Connor, J. D.. Better English pronunciation. New edition. Cambridge University Press. O Connor, J. D., & Arnold, G. F.. The intonation of colloquial English 2nd ed.. London: Longman Piazza, L. G.. French tolerance for grammatical errors made by Americans. The Modem Language Journal, 64,. Pike, K. L.. The intonation of American English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Politzer, R. L.. Errors of English speakers of German as perceived and evaluated by German natives. The Modern Language Journal, 62,. Riney, T. J., Takagi, N., & Inutsuka, K.. Phonetic parameters and perceptual judgments of accent in English by American and Japanese listeners. TESOL Quarterly, 39,.
13 intelligibility Roach, P.. English phonetics and phonology: A practical course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Saito, K.. Experienced teachers perspectives on priorities for improved intelligible pronunciation: The case of Japanese learners of English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 24,. Scales, J., Wennerstrom, A., Richard, D., & Wu, S. H.. Language learners perceptions of accent. TESOL Quarterly, 40,. Schachter, J.. An error in error analysis. Language Learning, 24,. Scott, M.. Error analysis and English-language strategies of Arab students. Language Learning, 24,. Sonobe, H., Ueda, M., & Yamane, S.. The effects of pronunciation practice with animated materials focusing on English prosody. Language Education & Technology, 44,. Suenobu, M., Kanzaki, K., & Yamane, S.. An experimental study of intelligibility of Japanese English. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 30:2,. Suenobu, M., Yamane, S., & Kanzaki, K.. From error to intelligibility. Kobe: The Institute of Economic Research, Kobe University of Commerce. Suenobu, M., Yamane, S., & Kanzaki, K.. Communicability within errors. Kobe: The Institute of Economic Research, Kobe University of Commerce. Thorum, A. R.. Phonetics: A contemporary approach. MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.. : Walker, R.. Teaching the pronunciation of English as a lingua franca, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yabuuchi, S., & Satoi, H.. Prosodic characteristics of Japanese EFL learners oral reading: Comparison between good and poor readers. Language Education & Technology, 38,. SOUND PRACTICE. Sailing Oral Communication B TM Yamane, S.. Some characteristics of Japanese EFL learners utterances and their phonetic features: Observations from a psycholinguistic perspective. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Kansai University. Zielinski, B. W.. The listener: No longer the silent partner in reduced intelligibility. System, 36,.
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