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1 pp. D- Frontier Science in Amino Acid and Protein Research D- D- D- D- D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D- HPLC D- Asp PC D-Asp D- D- D- D-Asp D- D-Asp D- D- D- Asp D-Asp D- D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D- D- Biochemical behavior and function of free D-aspartate in the mammalian body Hiroshi Homma Kitasato University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan D- D L- D- D-amino acid oxidase, DAO, EC D- D-aspartate oxidase, DDO, EC DAO FAD D- - a DDO D- D-Asp D- D- D- D- b

2 D- a D- DAO D- DDO b - - amperometry D- D L- D- D-Asp D L- o- ophthalaldehyde OPA BTCC a ODS OPA N - -L- Boc-L- ODS BTCC b OPA BTCC HPLC Pirkle a -nitrobenzofurazan -nitro- benzoxadiazole NBD b benzofurazan D L- D- C HPLC D L- c D L- d

3 BTCC a BTCC OPA D L- b ODS D L- NBD-F a Pirkle b NBD-F c C Asp d Pirkle a D L-Asp

4 NBD D- naphthalene- -dicarboxaldehyde NDA SDS β- D L- D-Asp D- D-Asp D-Asp D- Asp N - -D- NMDA D-Asp D-Asp HPLC a D- Asp Asp D L D- b D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp BSA D- Asp D-Asp D-Asp L-Asp D-Asp D-Asp L- Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp a D-Asp D D-Asp Asp b D- D-Ala D- D-Leu D- D-Ser

5 D-Asp D- Asp D-Asp ahcg D-Asp D-Asp - - b D-Asp L- D-Asp - - D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp hcg D-Asp a D-Asp L-Asp L-Glu D-Glu D-Asp a D-Asp L- Glu L-Glu

6 D-Asp Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR hcg StAR mrna D-Asp L-Asp D-Asp D- Asp D-Asp b D-Asp steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR StAR D-Asp StAR mrna D-Asp StAR D- Asp D-Asp - D-Asp oligoasthenoteratospermic donor D-Asp D-Asp D- D-Asp PC HPLC PC Asp D D-Asp D- PC D-Asp D-Asp PC

7 PC D-Asp a PC DMEM TIP DF D-Asp b TIP DF D-Asp D-Asp GH PC MPT T NB- D-Asp D-Asp D L- D- D-Asp Asp D- D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp PC D-Asp D-Asp PC MPT D-Asp exocytosis D-Asp volume-sensitive organic anion channel: VSOC PC D-Asp D-Asp PC large densecore vesicle: LDCV K D-Asp SNARE SNAP- RNA D-Asp D-Asp PC D-Asp LDCV D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp L-Glu MPT- L-Glu L-Asp D-Asp L-Glu D-Asp

8 PC D-Asp L-Glu D-Asp MPT L-Glu L-Glu D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp L-Glu D-Asp L-Glu PC D-Asp PC L-Glu D-Asp Ca KCl D-Asp PC PC D-Asp LDCV KCl PC PC flat D-Asp PC PC D-Asp mosm D-Asp NPPB DDF PC vesicular transporter D-Asp PC D-Asp PC D-Asp

9 NPPB DDF D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp astrocyte D-Asp ATP D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp PC α TNFα D-Asp NPPB DIDS D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D-Asp D- D-Asp D-Asp D- DDO D-Asp proopiomelanocortin α- α-msh α- MSH D-Asp D-Asp Konno, R., Brückner, H., D Aniello, A., Fisher, G., Fujii, N., & Homma, H. D-Amino Acids: A New Frontier in Amino Acids and Protein Research, Practical Methods and Protocols, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York. Hamase, K. J. Chromatogr. B.,,. Imai, K., Fukushima, T., Santa, T., Homma, H., Hamase, K., Sakai, K., & Kato, M. Biomed. Chromatogr.,,. Nimura, N., Fujiwara, T., Watanabe, A., Sekine, M., Furuchi, T., Yohda, M., Yamagishi, A., Oshima, T., & Homma, H. Anal. Biochem.,,. Long, Z., Nimura, N., Adachi, M., Sekine, M., Hanai, T., Kubo, H., & Homma, H. J. Chromatogr. B.,,. Song, Y., Feng, Y., LeBlanc, M.H., Zhao, S., & Liu, Y.-M. Anal. Chem.,,. Miao, H., Rubakhin, S.S., & Sweedler, J.V. Anal. Chem.,,.

10 Dunlop, D.S., Neidle, A., McHale, D., Dunlop, D.M., & Lajtha, A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,,. Man, E.H., Fisher, G.H., Payan, I.L., Cadilla-Perezrios, R., Garcia, N.M., Chemburkar, R., Arends, G., & Frey, W.I. J. Neurochem.,,. Man, E.H., Sandhouse, M., Burg, J., & Fisher, G.H. Science,,. Hashimoto, A. & Oka, T. Prog. Neurobiol.,,. D Aniello, A. Brain Res. Rev.,,. Hashimoto, A., Oka, T., & Nishikawa, T. Eur. J. Neurosci.,,. Homma, H.,. Homma, H. Viva Origino freely available online at http: Schell, M.J., Cooper, O.B., & Snyder, S.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,,. Homma, H.,. Takigawa, Y., Homma, H., Lee, J.-A., Fukushima, T., Santa, T., Iwatsubo, T., & Imai, K. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,,. Ishio, S., Yamada, H., Hayashi, M., Yatsushiro, S., Noumi, T., Yamaguchi, A., & Moriyama, Y. Neurosci. Lett.,,. Long, Z., Lee, J.-A., Okamoto, T., Nimura, N., Imai, K., & Homma, H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,,. D Aniello, G., Tolino, A., D Aniello,A.,Errico,F.,Fisher,G. H., & Di Fiore, M.M. Endocrinology,,. Wang, H., Wolosker, H., Pevsner, J., Snyder, S.H., & Selkoe, D.J. J. Endocrinol.,,. Nagata, Y., Homma, H., Lee, J.-A., & Imai, K. FEBS Lett.,,. D Aniello, A., Di Cosmo, A., Di Cristo, C., Annunziato, L., Petrucelli, L., & Fisher, G. Life Sci.,,. Nagata, Y., Homma, H., Matsumoto, M., & Imai, K. FEBS Lett.,,. D Aniello, A., Di Fiore, M.M., Fisher, G.H., Milone, A., Seleni, A., D Aniello, S., Perna, A.F., & Ingrosso, D. FASEB J.,,. Sakai, K., Homma, H., Lee, J.-A., Fukushima, T., Santa, T., Tashiro, K., Iwatsubo, T., & Imai, K. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.,,. D Aniello, A., Di Fiore, M.M., D Aniello, G., Colin, F.E., Lewis, G., & Setchell, B.P. FEBS Lett.,,. Lee, J.-A., Long, Z., Nimura, N., Iwatsubo, T., Imai, K., & Homma, H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.,,. D Aniello, G., Ronsini, S., Guida, F., Spinelli, P., & D Aniello, A. Fertil. Steril.,,. D Aniello, G., Grieco, N., DiFilippo, M.A., Cappiello, F., Topo, E., D Aniello, E., & Ronsini, S. Hum. Reprod.,,. Long, Z., Homma, H., Lee, J.-A., Fukushima, T., Santa, T., Iwatsubo, T., Yamada, R., & Imai, K. FEBS Lett.,,. Long, Z., Sekine, M., Adachi, M., Furuchi, T., Imai, K., Nimura, N., & Homma, H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.,,. Abe, K., Takahashi, S., Muroki, Y., Kera, Y., & Yamada, R.-h. J. Biochem.,,. Funakoshi, M., Sekine, M., Katane, M., Furuchi, T., Yohda, M., Yoshikawa, T., & Homma, H. FEBS J.,,. Kinouchi, T., Ishiura, S., Mabuchi, Y., Urakami-Manaka, Y., Nishio, H., Nishiuchi, Y., Tsunemi, M., Takada, K., Watanabe, M., Ikeda, M., Matsui, H., Tomioka, S., Kawahara, H., Hamamoto, T., Suzuki, K., & Kagawa, Y. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,,. Adachi, M., Koyama, H., Long, Z., Sekine, M., Furuchi, T., Imai, K., Nimura, N., Shimamoto, K., Nakajima, T., & Homma, H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.,,. Koyama, H., Sekine, M., Furuchi, T., Katane, M., Nimura, N., Shimamoto, K., Nakajima, T., & Homma, H. Life Sci.,,. Koyama, H., Adachi, M., Sekine, M., Katane, M., Furuchi, T., & Homma, H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.,,. Long, Z., Sekine, M., Nimura, N., Lee, J.-A., Imai, K., Iwatsubo, T., & Homma, H. Bioimages,,. Nakatsuka, S., Hayashi, M., Muroyama, A., Otsuka, M., Kozaki, S., Yamada, H., & Moriyama, Y. J. Biol. Chem.,,. Hussy, N., Brès, V., Rochette, M., Duvoid, A., Alonso, G., Dayanithi, G., & Moos, F. J. Neurosci.,. Huang, A.S., Beigneux, A., Weil, Z.M., Kim, P.M., Molliver, M.E., Blackshaw, S., Nelson, R.J., Young, S.G., & Snyder, S. H. J. Neurosci.,,. Weil, Z.M., Huang, A.S., Beigneux, A., Kim, P.M., Molliver, M.E., Blackshaw, S., Young, S.G., Nelson, R.J., & Snyder, S. H. Behav. Brain Res.,,.

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