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1 10 10 (grammaticalization) Meillet (1912) 3 Lehmann (1995[1982]:1-8), Heine et al. (1991:5-11), Hopper/Traugott (2003:19-25) Cercle linguistique de Waseda (ed.) Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Waseda. vol. 10, 2006,
2 (lexem) (gram) 5 Meillet (1912)
3 Li/Thompson (1974) SVO > SOV Ullmann (1962) 10 22
4 Traugott/Dasher (2002) 12 Behaghel ( ) Bybee et al. (1994) Heine/Kuteva (2002) 23
5 Diewald (2002) Heine (2002) 16 Roberts/ Roussou (1999, 2003) van Gelderen (2004) 17 24
6 Givón (1971:413) Today s morphology is yesterday s syntax 18 cantare habemus chanterons Givón Givón (1979) (1) (discourse) > (syntax) > (morphology) > (morphophonemics) > (zero) Givón (syntacticization) 19 (Givón 1979:219) (2) I know that, (i.e.,) it is true. > I know that it is true (morphologization) 25
7 that Givón (1) Lehmann (1995[1982]) Lehmann (Lehmann 1995[1982]:123) Hansjakob Seiler 1995 Lincom 21 syntagmatic syntagmatic 26
8 paradigmatic syntagmatic weight integrity structural scope cohesion paradigmaticity bondedness variability paradigmatic variability syntagmatic variability 27
9 Lehmann (1995[1982]:158) epistulam scriptam habeo ho scritto una lettera Lehmann 22 Lehmann Heine/ Reh (1984) 23 Heine 22 Diewald (1997:23) Hopper/Traugott (2003:31f.) 23 Lehmann Heine Seiler Hagège (1993) 28
10 (3) (Heine/Reh 1984:16) I. II. III. (erosion) 24 (cliticization) (affixation) 25 (desemanticization) 26 Heine/ Reh Lehmann 24 Heine/Reh (adaptation) (fusion) (loss) Heine Heine/Kuteva Heine/Reh (permutation) (compounding) (fossilization) Heine/Kuteva (2002:2) (decategorialization) 26 (semantic bleaching) Sweetser (1988) (extension) (simplification) (merger) Heine/Kuteva (2002:2) 29
11 27 Lehmann Heine Traugott (1982) (4) propositional > textual > expressive Matsumoto 1988:340 (5) > 28 Sweetser (1990) 27 3 Heine/Reh Newmeyer (1998:248ff.) 28 Traugott Hopper/Traugott (2003:209ff.) 30
12 29 (6) deontic modality > epistemic modality must Sweetser Heine et al. (1991) (7) PERSON > OBJECT > ACTIVITY > SPACE > TIME > QUALITY Bybee et al. (1994) 76 Heine/Kuteva (2002) Bybee et al. (1994) 29 Traugott (1989) Traugott Sweetser 31
13 (Traugott/König 1991 ) since ( siþþan) 2001 Heine et al. (1991) 32
14 30 Hopper/Traugott (2003:51) (8) [[back] of the barn] > [[back of] the barn] back of (reanalysis) Hopper/Traugott (2003) (analogy) Hopper/Traugott (2003) 31 Hopper/Traugott (2003) (rule generalization) 32 Hopper/Traugott Haspelmath (1998) 33 Traugott (2003) 33
15 5.1 (subjektification) Traugott Langacker Traugott (1995) Traugott to (9) a. He will go to New York to take part in the conference. b. To tell the truth, it is too expensive. (9b) (9a) (9b) (9a) to tell the truth must must Traugott 34
16 Langacker (1991, 2000) Langacker conceptualizer be going to Langacker 2000:303 (10) a. Sam was going to mail the letter but couldn t find a mailbox. b. Something bad is going to happen. (10a) (10b) attenuation Langacker Traugott Langacker Langacker Traugott Langacker 35
17 Traugott Givon Lehmann Heine/Reh Ramat (1992) (degrammaticalization) (11) Ramat 1992 a. fascism > ism b. foget me not > forget-me-not (11a) (11b) Newmeyer (1998:263ff.) Heine (2003) 34 Traugott Traugott Langacker (2004:21ff.) 36
18 Haspelmath (1999) Haspelmath maxim of extravagance Keller (1994) 37
19 36 37 Brinton/Traugott (2005) Ramat (1992) van der Auwera (2002) Haspelmath (2004) 38 Brinton/Traugott (2005) 36 Brinton/Traugott (2005:18ff.) The bottle floated into the cave. float 37 Brinton/Traugott (2005) 2 38 Haspelmath (antigrammaticalization) 38
20 (12) Brinton/Traugott 2005:
21 Heine/Kuteva (2005) Heine/Kuteva (grammatical replication) Heine/Kuteva 2005:3 Heine Heine Heine 40
22 39 6. Heine/Kuteva (2002) (13) EDGE > ALLATIVE GENITIV > NOMINATIV Heine/Kutiva (2006) 40 Ohori (1998) (2001) 41
23 42
24 Heine/Kuteva (2002) Behaghel, Otto ( ): Deutsche Syntax: eine geschichtliche Darstellung. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Bisang, Walter (1998): Grammaticalization and language contact, constructions and positions. In: Ramat and Hopper (eds.), Brinton, Laurel J./ Elizabeth C. Traugott (2005): Lexicalization and language change. Cambdridge: Cambridge University Press. Bybee, Joan/ Revere Perkins/ William Pagliuca (1994): The evolution of grammar. Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Diewald, Gabriele (1997): Grammatikalisierung. Eine Einführung in Sein und Werden grammatischer Formen. Tübingen: Niemeyer. - (2002): A model for relevant types of contexts in grammaticalization. In: Diewald/Wischer (eds.), Diewald, Gabriele/ Ilse Wischer (eds.) (2002): New reflections on grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Fischer, Olga/ Muriel Norde/ Harry Perridon (eds.) (2004): Up and down the cline the nature of grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamns. Giacalone Ramat, Anna/ Paul J. Hopper (1998): The limits of grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamins Givón, Talmy (1971): Historical syntax and synchronic morphology: an archaeologist s field trip. In: Chicago Linguistic Society 7, (1979): On understanding grammar. New York: Academic Press. Hagège, Claude (1993): The language builder: an essay on the human signature in linguistic morphogenesis. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Haris, Alice/ Lyle Cambell (1995): Historical linguistics in cross-linguistic perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 43
25 Haspelmath, Martin (1998): Does grammaticalization need reanalysis? In: Studies in Language 22, (1999): Why is grammaticalization irreversable? In: Linguistics 37, (2004): On directionality in language change with particular reference to grammaticalization. In: Fischer et al. (eds.), Heine, Bernd (2002): On the role of context in grammaticalization. In: Diewald/ Wischer (eds.), Heine, Bernd (2003a): Grammaticalization. In: Joseph/ Janda (eds.), (2003b): On degrammaticalization. In: Blake, Barry J./ Kate Burridge (eds.): Historical Linguistics Selected papers from the 15th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Melbourne, August 2001, Amsterdam: Benjamins, Heine, Bernd/ Tanja Kuteva (2002): World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - (2005): Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - (2006): The changing languages of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Heine, Bernd/ Ulrike Claudi/ Friederike Hünnemeyer (1991): Grammaticalization: a conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Heine, Bernd/ Mechthild Reh (1984): Grammaticalization and reanalysis in African languages. Hamburg: Buske. Hopper, Paul J./ Traugott, Elizabeth C. (2003): Grammaticalization. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Joseph, Brian D./ Richard D. Janda (eds.) (2003): The handbook of historical linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Keller, Rudi (1994): Sprachwandel. Von der unsichtbaren Hand in der Sprache. Second edition. Tübingen: Francke. Langacker, Ronald (1991): Subjectification. In: Cognitive Linguistics 1,
26 - (2000): Subjactification and grammaticalization. In: Langacker, Ronald: Grammar and conceptualization, Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, Li, Charles N./ Sandra A. Thompson (1974): An explanation of word order change SVO SOV. In: Foundations of Language 12, Lehmann, Christian (1985): Grammaticalization: synchronic variation and diachronic change. In: Lingua e Stile 20, (1989): Grammatikalisierung und Lexikalisierung. In: Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 42, (1995[1982]): Thoughts on grammaticalization. München: LINCOM. - (2002): New reflections on grammaticalization and lexicalization. In: Diewald/ Wischer (eds.), Matsumoto, Yo (1988): From bound grammatical markers to free discourse markers: history of some Japanese connectives. In: Berkeley Linguistic Society 14, Meillet, Antoine (1958): L évolution des formes grammaticales. In: Meillet, Antoine: Languistique historique et languistique générale. Paris: Champion, Newmeyer, Frererick J. (1998): Language form and language function. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. Ohori, Toshio (ed.) (1998): Studies in Japanese grammaticalization: cognitive and discourse perspectives. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers. Ramat, Paulo (1992): Thoughts on degrammaticalization. In: Linguistics 30, Roberts, Ian/ Anna Roussou (1999): A formal approach to grammaticalization. In: Linguistics 37, (2003): Syntactic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stein, Dieter/ Susan Wright (1995): Subjectivity and subjectivisation in language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sweetser, Eve E. (1988): Grammaticalization and semantic bleaching. In: Berkeley Linguistic Society 14, (1990): From etymology to pragmatics: metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 45
27 Traugott, Elizabeth C. (1982): From propositional to textual and expressive meanings: some semantic-pragmatic aspects of grammaticalization. In: Lehmann, Winfred P./ Yakov Malkiel (eds.) (1982): Perspectives on historical linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins, (1989): On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: an example of subjectification in semantic change. In: Language 65, (1995): Subjectification in grammticalisation. In: Stein / Wright (eds.) (1995), (2003): Constructions in grammaticalization. In: Joseph/ Janda (eds.), Traugott, Elizabeth C./ Richard B. Dasher (2002): Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Traugott, Elizabeth C./ Bernd Heine (eds.) (1991): Approaches to grammaticalization. Vol. 1. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Traugott, Elizabeth C./ Ekkehard König (1991): The semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited. In: Traugott/ Heine (eds.), Ulmann, Stephen (1962): Semantics: an introduction to the science of meaning. Oxford: Blackwell van der Auwera (2002): More thoughts on degrammaticalization. In: Diewald/ Wischer (eds.), van Gelderen, Elly (2004): Grammaticalization as economy. Amsterdam: Benjamins
28 2004 II 2001 P.J./E.C MIYASHITA, Hiroyuki: What is the study of grammaticalization? 47
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