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1 7 executive order presidential memorandum executive order 2 executive order Office of Federal Register Federal Register
2 Federal Register Act of presidential memorandum 10 11
3 12 executive actions executive order presidential memorandum executive actions executive order American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
4 第7章 大統領による政策形成と 大統領令 オバマからトランプへ 図1 成立した法律数 出所 Vital Statistics on Congress / 年 2 月 5 日アクセス より著者作成 そこで オバマ大統領は 行動しない議会をもはや待つことはできないという意味の も う待てない We Can t Wait というスローガンを掲げ 大統領の権限を用いて政策を形成 する方向へと舵を切った 17 大統領単独で政策を形成するための手段として オバマ大統 領は 行政命令だけでなく 覚書も採用することになった 従来の行政命令に加えて 覚書が用いられるようになった理由として 行政命令の多用 が 権力の濫用であるという認識が広がっていたことを挙げることができる 例えばオバ マ大統領は 真実として申し上げることができるが 私が今年出した行政命令の数は こ の 100 年間で最も少ないものだった と述べ 自らが抑制的であると主張したことがあり 行政命令に負のイメージが抱かれていたことがわかる 18 オバマ政権期には 行政命令は大統領にとって使いにくい道具へと転じていたのである ここに 大統領覚書という新しい形式が求められる下地が形成されていたのである 2 大統領覚書の活用 オバマ政権を他の政権と比べた場合 その特徴は行政命令の少なさと 大統領覚書の多 さに見ることができる 図 2 は 1960 年から 2013 年にかけて大統領が発令した行政命令 と覚書の数の変化を示したものである この図からは 長期的な傾向としての行政命令の 減少と覚書の増加を見て取ることができる 特に オバマ大統領が政権に就いた 2009 年以 降 急激な変化が生じている オバマ政権における覚書は その数だけでなく 質の点でも重要であった オバマ大統 領が 大統領令 によって行ったとされる挑戦的な政策の多くは 実のところ行政命令で はなく覚書という形式によって発令されている 例えば オバマ大統領は議会による不法 移民対策立法を待つことをやめ 2014 年 11 月 21 日に 覚書によって不法移民対策の修正 をはかった 19 この覚書を根拠に 米国市民と永住者の親向け強制送還延期プログラム Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents 以下 DAPA が打 64
5 Kenneth S. Lowande, After the Orders: Presidential Memoranda and Unilateral Action, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.44, 2014, p DAPA 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act of DAPA DAPA 26 DAPA DAPA DAPA
6 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of Secure Fence Act of
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9 NHK 2016 Phillip J. Cooper, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action (University Press of Kansas, 2002) William G. Howell and David M. Brent, Thinking about the Presidency: The Primacy of Power (Princeton University Press, 2013) Kenneth S. Lowande, After the Orders: Presidential Memoranda and Unilateral Action, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.44, 2014 Lyn Ragsdale, Vital Statistics on the Presidency 4th edition (Sage, 2014) NHK executive order 43 3 Lyn Ragsdale, Vital Statistics on the Presidency 4th edition (Sage, 2014), Amy Bunk, Federal Register 101, Proceedings, Spring Amy Bunk, Federal Register 101, Proceedings, Spring Phillip J. Cooper, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action (University Press of Kansas, 2002), William G. Howell and David M. Brent, Thinking about the Presidency: The Primacy of Power (Princeton University Press, 2013), Ibid., Ibid., Cooper, By Order of the President, Ibid Darla Cameron, What President Obama s executive actions mean for President Trump Washington Post, January 31, 2017 < accessed on February Michael Shear and Julie Hirschfeld Davis, Trump s Improvised Path to a Month of Executive Action, New York Times, January 21, Barack Obama. Presidential Memorandum: Modernizing and Streamlining the U.S. Immigrant Visa System for the 21st Century. November < presidential-memorandum-modernizing-and-streamlining-us-immigrant-visa-s>, accessed on January 30,
10 21 : Adam Liptak Obama Administration Asks Supreme Court to Save Immigration Plan New York Times. November 20, Adam Liptak and Michael D. Shear, Supreme Court to Hear Challenge to Obama Immigration Actions New York Times, January 19, 2016; United States v. Texas, 579 U.S. < opinions/15pdf/15-674_jhlo.pdf>, accessed on January 30, White House, Executive Orders < White House, Presidential Memoranda < presidential-memoranda>, accessed on January 30, Donald Trump, Executive Order Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal, January 20, 2017 < accessed on January 30, Donald Trump, Executive Order: Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements, January 25, 2017 < accessed on January 30, White House, Fact Sheet: The Secure Fence Act of 2006, October 26, 2006, < archives.gov/news/releases/2006/10/ html>, accessed on January 30, H.R. 4391: Finish the Fence Act of 2016, 114th Congress < house-bill/4391/text>, accessed on January 30, First 100 days: What executive actions has Trump taken? BBC News Online, January 27, 2017< com/news/world-us-canada >, accessed on January 30, Donald Trump, Executive Order : Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into The United States, January 27, 2017< accessed on January 30, Jennifer Chacon, Who is Responsible for U.S. Immigration Policy? Insights, Vol. 14, No Section 212 (f); 8 U.S.C Jimmy Carter, Executive Order Iranian Aliens, November 26, 1979< ws/?pid=31732>, accessed on January 30, Barack Obama, Presidential Proclamation--Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons Who Participate in Serious Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Violations and Other Abuses, August 4, 2011< accessed on February 4, 2017; 35 Jon Finer, Sorry, Mr. President: The Obama Administration Did Nothing Similar to Your Immigration Ban, Foreign Policy, January 30, 2017 < accessed on February Devlin Barrett and Dan Frosch, Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees, Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2017< accessed on February Donald Trump, Presidential Memorandum Regarding Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans- Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement, January 23, 2017< accessed on February Donald Trump, Presidential Memorandum Plan to Defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, January 28, 2017< accessed on February Donald Trump, Presidential Memorandum Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council, January 28, 2017< accessed on February 4.
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