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2 weakness 2 1970 market-based authoritative 1980 1980 2 1970 1970 BRICS 5 No. 618 2013 1 2 44
2 BRICS GNP GDP BRICS GNP 1973 GDP % 30 1 BRICS GDP 2009 25 20 15 10 5 0 OECD World Development Indicators. % 14 2 BRICS 2009 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 World Development Indicators. No. 618 2013 1 2 45
1 BRICS GDP 33.5% 19.9% 6 1 BRICS5 GDP OECD 5 3 OECD 1 GDP 2 3 1 BRICS5 3 1973 GDP 7 C 8 BRICS 9 No. 618 2013 1 2 46
10 11 12 13 1950 80 3.5% 15 14 1991 IMF 15 16 1950 80 1985 BRICS 17 1990 BRICS 1970 4 BRICS BRICS BRICS 4 5 BRICS 2008 7 8 G8 4 2009 1 4 4 18 2011 3 BRICS 19 No. 618 2013 1 2 47
1 IMF BRICS BRICS IMF IMF BRICS 1 BRICS 20 2 2010 11 20 G20 IMF 21 BRICS 2010 6.39% 3 11 8 10 9 14 10 BRICS 4 10 22 23 BRICS 3 G20 IMF 24 4 IMF 25 IMF BRICS IMF 2011 5 26 IMF IMF 27 3 4 BRICS 1 28 No. 618 2013 1 2 48
3 BRICS 2 IMF 29 IMF 2010 24 9 2 30 BRICS BRICS BRICS BRICS 2009 3 31 SDR SDR SDR SDR SDR IMF SDR 32 IMF 2009 7 SDR IMF 500 100 100 700 SDR 33 IMF 2011 SDR 2011 1 SDR G20 SDR 2011 34 SDR 35 SDR 36 SDR BRICS 3 BRICS SDR SDR 37 4 38 2011 SDR IMF 500 No. 618 2013 1 2 49
BRICS IMF 20 2012 BRICS 2012 6 G20 BRICS 5 39 10 IMF BRICS 40 IMF 2 BRICS DDA G4 EU G7 G4 2012 8 WTO BRICS WTO WTO DDA 1 BRICS WTO DDA 41 2 42 2011 12 WTO BRICS DDA 2008 12 DDA 43 4 44 No. 618 2013 1 2 50
3 BRICS IMF 2010 4 2.78% 6 4.42% 3 45 IMF 6 7 8 46 BRICS 2009 3 2 2010 4 47 2010 4 2 BRICS 48 2010 4 2012 49 4 BRICS 50 IMF BRICS 51 2 BRICS IMF BRICS No. 618 2013 1 2 51
2 BRICS IMF IMF WTO SDR S&D: Special and Differential Treatment BRICS BRICS BRICS BRICS BRICS G20 52 G20 BRICS 2011 4 1 BRICS BRICs B R I C 4 S BRIC S BRICS 2 Ian Bremmer, The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations? New York: Penguin, 2010 2011 3 Stefan Halper, The Beijing Consensus: Legitimizing Authoritarianism in Our Time, New York: Basic Books, 2010. Joshua Cooper Ramo, The Beijing Consensus, London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2004 http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf 2012 11 8 4 Stephen D. Krasner, Structural Conflict: The Third World Against Global Liberalism, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985. 5 Stephen D. Krasner, United States Commercial and Monetary Policy: Unravelling the Paradox of External Strength and Internal Weakness, in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, pp. 51 87. 6 Krasner, Structural Conflict, op. cit., p. 46. 7 Krasner, ibid., p. 4, note 1, p. 49. No. 618 2013 1 2 52
8 Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925 1975, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982 TBS 1982 9 Mark Beeson, Developmental States in East Asia: A Comparison of the Japanese and Chinese Experiences, Asian Perspectives, Vol. 33, No. 2 2009, pp. 5 39; Phil Deans, The People s Republic of China: The Post- Socialist Developmental State, in Linda Low, ed., Developmental States: Relevancy, Redundancy, or Reconfiguration? Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2004, pp. 133 146. 10 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Introduction: The Fragmented Authoritarianism Model and Its Implications, in Kenneth G. Lieberthal and David M. Lampton, eds., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992, pp. 1 30. 11 Beeson, op. cit., p. 24. 12 Ibid., p. 25. 13 Richard J. Herring, Embedded Particularism: India s Failed Developmental State, in Meredith Woo- Cumings, ed., The Developmental State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999, pp. 306 334. 14 Ibid., p. 330. 15 Ben Ross Schneider, The Desarrollista State in Brazil and Mexico, in Woo-Cumings, ed., op. cit., pp. 276 305. 16 17 2 Omano Edigheji, ed., Constructing a Democratic Developmental State in South Africa: Potentials and Challenges, Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2010 18 BRIC 2006 2008 5 BRICs 2008 16 2008 17 2008 11 19 BRICS 2011 20 Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries Leaders, June 16, 2009, Yekaterinburg, Russia, para. 3 http://www. bricsindia.in/firstsummit.html 2012 10 26 21 II BRIC Summit Joint Statement, April 16, 2010, Brasilia, para. 11 http://www.bricsindia.in/second Summit.html 2012 10 26 22 2010 11 6 3 23 2012 10 12 1 24 Sanya Declaration, 14 April 2011, Sanya, People s Republic of China PRC, para. 15 http://www.bricsindia. in/thirdsummit.html 2012 10 26 25 Fourth BRICS Summit Delhi Declaration, March 29, 2012, New Delhi, India, para. 9 http://www. bricsindia. in/delhi-declaration.html 2012 10 26 26 2011 9 6 6 27 2011 6 30 9 28 Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries Leaders, op. cit. 2 IMF II BRIC Summit Joint Statement, op. cit., para. 11. 2 IMF No. 618 2013 1 2 53
BRIC Finance Ministers Joint Communiqué, March 2009, para.10 http:// www. bricsindia.id/secondmeeting_finance.html 2012 10 26 29 BRIC Finance Ministers Joint Communiqué, ibid., para. 9. 30 2010 10 24 3 31 Zhou Xiaochuan, Reform the International Monetary System, Essay by Dr. Zhou Xiaochuan, Governor of the People s Bank of China, 23 March 2009 http://www.bis.org/review/r090402c.pdf 2012 10 29 32 2009 7 7 9 33 2010 231 34 2011 2 9 5 35 2011 4 16 6 36 2010 11 11 7 37 Sanya Declaration, op. cit., para. 16. 38 Fourth BRICS Summit Delhi Declaration, op. cit., para. 8. 39 2012 6 23 7 40 2012 10 11 1 6 41 Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries Leaders, op. cit., para. 5; Sanya Declaration, op. cit., para. 26. 42 II BRIC Summit Joint Statement, op. cit., para. 14. 43 Ministerial Declaration, BRICS Trade Ministers, 14 December 2011, Geneva http://www.brincsindia.in/ trade.html 2012 10 26 44 WTO DDA 2012 45 2010 4 26 2 46 47 BRIC Finance Ministers Joint Communiqué, op. cit., para.10. 48 II BRIC Summit Joint Statement, op. cit., para. 11. 49 2012 4 2 7 50 Fourth BRICS Summit Delhi Declaration, para. 12. 51 Ibid., para. 13. 52 1 BRICs G20 2008 11 G20 iida@j.u-tokyo.ac.jp No. 618 2013 1 2 54