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1 1 (e.g. Blasi et al. 2016; Dingemanse et al. 2015; Hinton et al. 2006; Lockwood & Dingemanse 2015) * *1 (Hockett, 1959; Locke, 1689; Saussure, 1916) Sapir (1929) Köhler (1947) (Alderete & Kochetov, 2017; Dingemanse et al., 2016; Kochetov & Alderete, 2011) 1
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6 1.00 Probablity of change Number of obstruents AKB 3 0, 1, (73%) 3 reduplication ( &, 2017a) AKB reduplication reduplication truncation 1 1 AKB All environments Reduplicated Deleted via redup. Truncated son obs total % 58.3% 86.6% 26% 45% 1 AKB 58% reduplication 87% 6
7 reduplication reduplication 26% truncation 45% N (Shinohara & Kawahara, 2013; Wright et al., 2005) AKB (Kawahara et al., to appear) (2017a) /m/ /p/ 4 vs. ( &, 2017b) /m/, /p/ 4 50% 1.00 Expected responses p b m f w Initial segments 4 f = /F/ 95% (/p/, /b/, /m/, /F/, /w/) 7
8 /p/, /b/, /m/ /F/ /w/ (Ota, 2015) (featural generalization) /p/, /b/, /m/ /p/, /b/, /m/ ([+labial]) (Albright, 2009; Finley & Bedecker, 2009) 2017 (Kawahara & Kumagai, to appear; &, 2017a) Attack values 80 Attack values Mora counts # of voiced obs 5 y x x 8
9 (Saussure, 1916) ( &, 2017) 3 Albright, Adam (2009) Feature-based generalisation as a source of gradient acceptability. Phonology 26(1): Alderete, John & Alexei Kochetov (2017) Integrating sound symbolism with core grammar: The case of expressive palatalization. Language. Blasi, Damián, Søren Wichman, Harald Hammarström, Peter F. Stadler, & Morten H. Christianson (2016) Sound-meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages. PNAS 113(39): Dingemanse, Mark, Damián E. Blasi, Gary Lupyan, Morten H. Christiansen, & Padraic Monaghan (2015) Arbitrariness, iconicity and systematicity in language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 19(10): Dingemanse, Mark, Will Schuerman, Eva Reinisch, Sylvia Tufvesson, & Holger Mitterer (2016) What sound symbolism can and cannot do: Testing the iconicity of ideophones from five languages. Langauge : Finley, Sara & William Bedecker (2009) Artificial language learning and feature-based generalization. Journal of Memory and Language 61: Hinton, Leane, Johanna Nichols, & John Ohala (2006) Sound Symbolism, 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hockett, Charles (1959) Animal languages and human language. Human Biology 31:
10 Kawahara, Shigeto & Gakuji Kumagai (to appear) Expressing evolution in pokemon names: Experimental explorations. Journal of Japanese Linguistics. Kawahara, Shigeto, Atsushi Noto, & Gakuji Kumagai (to appear) Sound symbolic patterns in Pokemon names. Phonetica Kawahara, Shigeto, Kazuko Shinohara, & Joseph Grady (2015) Iconic inferences about personality: From sounds and shapes. In Iconicity: East meets west, Masako Hiraga, William Herlofsky, Kazuko Shinohara, & Kimi Akita, eds., Amsterdam: John Benjamins, Kochetov, Alexei & John Alderete (2011) Scales and patterns of expressive palatalization: Experimental evidence from Japanese. Canadian Journal of LInguistics 56(3): Köhler, Wolgang (1947) Gestalt Psychology: An Introduction to New Concepts in Modern Psychology. New York: Liveright. Locke, John (1689) An Essay concerning Human Understanding. London: MDCC. Lockwood, Gwilym & Mark Dingemanse (2015) Iconicity in the lab: A review of behavioral, developmental, and neuroimaging research into sound-symbolism. Frontiers in Psychology doi: /fpsyg Ota, Mitsuhiko (2015) L1 phonology: phonological development. In The Handbook of Japanese Language and Linguistics: Phonetics and Phonology, Haruo Kubozono, ed., Berlin: Mouton, Sapir, Edward (1929) A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology 12: Saussure, Ferdinand de (1916) Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot. Shinohara, Kazuko & Shigeto Kawahara (2013) The sound symbolic nature of Japanese maid names. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Linguistics Association 13: Wright, Saundra, Jennifer Hay, & Bent Tessa (2005) Ladies first? Phonology, frequency, and the naming conspiracy. Linguistics 43(3): , &, (2017a). 155., &, (2017b). 31 : , &, (2017a) AKB. Ms. UCLA and Keio University., &, (2017b). Ms. UCLA and Keio University., (2016). 72: , (2015). :., (2017a). :., (2017b). 10
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