LD AD/HD / H FPD D LD Learning D isabilities LD Learning D isorders LD LD 2003 Web site 1 AD/HD LD LD LD LD LD LD Dyslexia Dyslexia Dyslexia Dyslexia

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2 LD AD/HD / H FPD D LD Learning D isabilities LD Learning D isorders LD LD 2003 Web site 1 AD/HD LD LD LD LD LD LD Dyslexia Dyslexia Dyslexia Dyslexia dysgraphia dyslexia IDA The International Dyslexia A ssociation Web site 2 Dyslexia 19 [20] Orton ST dyslexia b d p q dyslexia IDA dyslexia Orton ST 1949

3 LD Learning D isabilities 1963 LD dyslexia dyslexia LD LD dyslexia 1950 LD LD Dyslexia [26] M akita [19] Makita [31] W eb site 1 2.5% dyslexia dyslexia OM IM specific dyslexia gene DYX 15q21 DYX1 6p21.3(DYX2) 2p16-p15(DYX3) 3p12-q13(DYX5) 18p11.2(DYX6) Web site 3 gene DYX gene dyslexia dyslexia Galaburda ectopia myclodysgenesis [4,11] dyslexia [16] dyslexia [5] M agunocellular layer [29]

4 dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia alexia dyslexia alexia dyslexia Wernicke dyslexia phonological aw areness visual dyslexia auditory dyslexia phonological dyslexia [6] fm RI dyslexia Wernicke [12,25] dyslexia [28] dyslexia

5 dyslexia [27] dyslexia dyslexia AD/HD AD/HD AD/HD AD/HD AD/HD 19 [24] Darwinist Social Darwinism Still [30] 1918 MinimalBrain D am age M BD 1960 MBD M inimaldrain D ysfunction MBD AD/HD AD/HD

6 AD/HD AD/HD 3.4% 8.8% [13,23] ADHD-RS 2.5 AD/HD DNA DNA [7] AD/HD AD/HD DNA AD/HD DNA AD/HD DNA AD/HD SPECT PET fm RI 1970 AD/HD p300 [21] SPECT PET [3] PET [10] AD/HD

7 fm RI AD/HD [8] AD/HD AD/HD AD/HD Kusaga [17] AD/HD Phenylethylam ine PH E Methylphenidate AD/HD PH E AD/HD PH E AD/HD DSM -IV AD/HD High Functioning Pervasive D evelopm ental Disorder; H FPD D DSM -IV ICD-10 DSM -IV H FPD D H FPD D 0.8% Asperger H [2]

8 Wing R [32] 1980 Asperger H [9] fm RI fm RI [14] [18] fm RI [21] fm RI [15] H FPD D AD/HD AD/HD AD/HD H FPD D AD/HD

9 [1] AD/HD H FPD D AD/HD Dyslexia Darwinist Social Darwinism

10 Web site 1. ext.go.jp/b_m enu/shingi/chousa/shotou/018/toushin/ htm 2. pose?section_id=5& page_id= ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cm D =search& D B=om im 1.AdachiT,et al: The m etaphor and sarcasm scenario test:a new instrum ent to help differentiate high functioning pervasive developm ental disorder from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Brain D ev 26, (2004). 2.AspergerH:Die A utistischen Psychopathen im Kindesalter.Archiv Psychiat117, (1944). 3.Amen DG,etal:High-resolution brain SPECT imaging in ADHD.Ann Clin Psychiatry 9,81-86 (1997). 4.Cohen M,etal.:Neuropathological abnormalities in developm ental dysphasia.ann Neurol25, (1989). 5.DaigneaultS,etal.:Pure severe dyslexia aftera perinatalfocallesion:evidence ofa specific m odule for acquisition ofreading.dev Behav Periatr (2002). 6. De M artino S, et al.: The "tem poral processing deficit" hypothesis in dyslexia: new experimental evidence.brain Cogn 46, (2001). 7. D ougherty DD et al.: Dopamine transporter density in patients w ith attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.lancet354, ,(1999). 8.D urstone S,etal:D ifferentialpatterns ofstriatalactivation in young children w ith and withoutadhd. BiolPsychiatry 15, (2003). 9.Ehlers S:The epidem iology of Aspergers Syndrom e A totalpopulation study.j Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34, (1993). 10. Ernst M, et al: D O PA decarboxylase activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults. A [fluorine-18]fluorodopa positron em ission tom ographic study.j Neurosci18, (1998). 11.G alaburda A M,etal.:D evelopm entaldyslexia: four consecuitve patients w ith corticalanom alies. Ann Neurol18, (1985). 12.Georgiew a P,etal.:Phonologicalprocessing in dyslexic children:a study com bining functionalim aging and eventrelated potentials.neuroscilett18,5-8 (2002). 13. G om ez R, et al: DSM -IV AD/HD: confirmatory factor models, prevalence, and gender and age differences based on parent and teacher ratings of Australian primary school children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40, (1999). 14.H ashim oto T.et al.:d evelopm entofthe brainstem and cerebellum in autistic patients. J Autism D ev Disord 25,1-18 (1995). 15.Helen L etal.:functionalimaging of theory ofmind.trend in Cognitive Sciences 7,77-82 (2003). 16.H um phreys P,etal.:D evelopm ental dyslexia in w om en: neuropathological findings in three patients. Ann Neurol28, (1990). 17.Kusaga A,et al: Increased urine phenylethylam ine after methylphenidate treatmentin children w ith ADHD.Ann Neurol52, (2002). 18. Lainhart JE et al.: M acrocephaly in children and adults w ith autism. J Am Acad Child A dolesc Psychiatry 36, (1997).

11 19. Makita K : The rarity of reading disability in Japanese children. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 38, (1968). 20.Morgan PW :A case ofcongenitalword-blindness.brim ed J 2,13-78 (1896). 21.Oierce K etal.:the brain response to personally fam iliar faces in autism : findings offusiform activity and beyond.brain.(2004)[epub ahead ofprint]. 22.O zdag M F,et al:effectofmethylphenidate on auditory eventrelated potentialin boys w ith attention deficithyperactivity disorder.intj PediatrOtorhinolaryngol68, (2004) 23.Rowe KS etal.: Norms for parental ratings on Conners Abbreviated Parent-Teacher Questionnaire: im plications for the design of behavioral rating inventories and analyses of data derived from them. J Abnorm Child Psychol25, (1997). 24.Sandberg, S et al: Hyperactivity and attention disorders of childhood. (Cam bridge U niversity Press,London,2002). 25. Seki A,et al.: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study during sentence reading in Japanese dyslexic children.brain Dev 23, (2001). 26. Shayw itz SE et al.: Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls. Results of the Connecticut longitudinalstudy.j Am Med A ssoci264, (1990). 27.Shiota M,etal.:Cognitive and neurophysiological evaluation of japanese dyslexia. Brain D ev 22, (2000). 28.Siok W T,etal:Biologicalabnorm ality ofim paired reading is constrained by culture.nature 431,71-76 (2004). 29.Stein J:The m agnocellular theory ofdevelopm entaldyslexia.dyslexia,7,12-36 (2001). 30.StillGF:The coulston lectures on som e abnormalphysicalconditions in children.lancet 1, (1902). 31. Frostig 10, , (1978). 32.W ing R:Aspergers syndrom e:a clinicalaccount.psychologicalmedicine 11, (1981)

12 Dyslexia Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties w ith accurate and / or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological com ponent of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences m ay include problem s in reading com prehension and reduced reading experience that can impede grow th of vocabulary and background know ledge. AD/HD ADHD

3) Clark T, Feehan C, Tinline C, Vostanis P. Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 8: 50-5. 4) Howlin P, Asgharian A. The diagnosis

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