Table 3 Mean values of six types of helping motives on causal dimensions Note. Mean values within each causal dimension without a common subscript differ by at least ĕ=.05. High values on these causal dimensions indicate that the motive is perceived as internal, stable, controllable and global. Table 4 Mean values of five types of non-helping motives on causal dimensions Note. Mean values within each causal dimension without a common subscript differ by at least ĕ=.05. High values on these causal dimensions indicate that the motive is perceived as internal, stable, controllable and global.

Table 6 Canonical correlation and redundancy at each dimension Table 7 Varimax rotated canonical structure and correlations among rotated canonical variates

Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psycholosy, 87, 49-74. Anderson, C. A. 1983 The causal structure of situations: The generation of plausible causal attributions as a function of type of event situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 185-203. Barnes, R. D., Ickes, W., & Kidd, R. F. 1979 Effects of the perceived intentionality and stability of another's dependency on helping behavior. Personality and Social Psy- chology Bulletin, 5, 367-372. Cliff, N. S., & Krus, D. J. 1976 Interpretation of canonical analysis: Rotated vs. unrotated solutions. Psychometrika, 41, 35-42. Grusee, J. E., Kuczynski, L., Rushton. J. P., & Smitis, Z.M. 1978 Modeling, direct instruc- tion, and attributions: Effects on altruism. Developmental Psychology, 14, 51-57. Grusec, J. E., & Redler, E. 1980 Attribution, reinforcement, and altruism: An developmental analysis. Developmental Psychol- ogy, 16,525-534. Hakstian, A. R. 1976 Two-matrix orthogonal rotation procedures. Psychometrika, 41, 267 272. Heider, F. 1958 The psychology of interpersonal Holte, C. S., Jamruszka, J., Beaman, A. L., & Camp, G. C. 1984 Influence of children's positive self-perceptions on donating behavior in naturalistic settings. Journal of School Psychology, 22, 145-153. Ickes, W. J., & Kidd, R. F. 1976 An attributional analysis of helping behavior. In J. H. Har- W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New vey, directions in attributional research, Vol.l. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp.311-334. Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. 1965 From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. V ol.2. New York: Academic Press. Pp.219-266. Kaiser, H. F. 1958 The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23, Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M. E.P., & Teasdale, 187-200. J. 1978 Learned helplessness in humans:

Meyer, J. R., & Mulherin, A. 1980 From attribution to helping: An analysis of the medi- classroom experiences. Journal of Educa- Weiner, B. 1979 A theory of motivation for some ating effects of affect and expectancy. tional Psychology, 71, 3-25. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 201-210. tion action model of motivated behavior: Weiner, B. 1980 A cognitive (attribution)-emo- Mussen, P., & Eisenberg-Berg, N. 1977 Roots of An analysis of judgements of help-giving. caring, sharing, and helping: The development of prosocial behavior in children. San ology, 39, Journal of Personality and Social Psych- 186-200. Rotter, J. B. 1966 Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.psychological Monographs, 80 (Whole No.609), 1-28. Rosenbaum, R. M. 1972 A dimensional analysis of the perceived causes of sussess and failure (Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles). Dissertation Abstracts International, 33, 5040B. Stewart, D. K., & Love, W. A. 1968 A general canonical correlation index. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 160-163. Weiner, B. 1982 An attributionally based theory of motivation and emotion: Focus, range, and issues. In N.T. Feather (Ed.), Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp.163-204. Weiner, B. 1986 An attributinal theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer- Verlag. Weiner, B., Frieze, I. H., Kukla, A., Reed, L., Rest, S., & Rosenbaum, R. M. 1971 Perceiving the causes of success and failure. Morristown, N. J.: General Learning Press.

DIMENSIONS OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION FOR HELPING BEHAVIOR AND FOR NON-HELPING BEHAVIOR KAZUHISA TAKEMURA Doshisha Univeusity OSAMU TAKAGI Kansai Univeusity ABSTRACT Various aspects of dimensions of causal attribution for helping behavior and for nonhelping behavior were compared and examined. The subjects made up of 140 university students were rated in terms of each of 25 helping motives as a cause of helping behavior and each of 26 non-helping motives as a cause of non-helping behavior on each of 4 causal dimensions: locus of control, stability, controllability, and globality. Major findings obtained were as follows: (1) For both helping and non-helping; subjects perceived differences among 6 types of helping motives (Takagi, 1983, 1986) and 5 types of nonhelping motives (Matsumoto & Takagi, 1981; Takagi, 1987) in causal dimensional location. (2) For both helping and non-helping; only the correlation between the perceived causal dimensions of stability and globality were significant. The results suggested the conceptual similality between perceived causal dimensions of stability and globality, and validated the orthogonality among 3 causal dimensions proposed by Weiner (1979). (3) The data from the domains of perceived. causal dimensions for helping and for non-helping were subjected to various multivariate correlation analyses. The results suggested that the pattern of causal attribution for helping behavior differed from that for non-helping behavior. Key words: causal dimension, causal attribution, prosocial behavior, helping behavior, non-helping behavior, helping motives, non-helping motives. \ 25 \