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2014 9 4 1. Hale (1980) (1) a. b. c. Kuroda (1988) (2) a. b. c. wh Kuroda (1988) φ (3) a. Knowledge of Language... Last Resort, Full Interpretation b. Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation... Case Theory c. A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory... Binding Theory d. Bare Phrase Structure... X -theory e. Categories and Transformation... Elimination of Last Resort and Minimal Link Condition f. Minimalist Inquiries... Phase Theory g. Problems of Projection... Reconsideration of the Role of φ-feature Agreement: Labeling φ φ Chomsky (2013) φ

2 (4) a. Saito (2007) Şener and Takahashi (2010) φ b. Bošković (2007) c. (cf. Chomsky 2013) DP d. (cf. Sells 1995, An 2009) e. (2009) f. (cf. Kitahara 2013) 2. φ Saito (2007) Şener and Takahashi (2010) φ φ Bošković (2007) 2.1. φ Kuroda (1965) pro Otani and Whitman (1991) VP (5) a. b. [e] i. [e] = ( ) ii. [e] = ( ) c. i. [e] = ( ) (6) a. John loves his mother. b. Bill does [e], too. i. [e] = love John s mother ( ) ii. [e] = love Bill s mother ( )

3 Oku (1998), Kim (1999) (7) a. [ CP [ TP [ ]] ] b. [ CP [ TP [e] ] ] i. [e] = ( ) ii. [e] = ( ) (8) a. John always cites his dissertation. b. *But Bill doesn t cite [e] at all. Oku (1988), (2006) LF (9) a. [ CP ] [ CP e ] b. [ CP ] [ CP e ] (10) a. * 2 [ CP t 2 ] 6 [ CP e ] b. * 3 [ CP t 3 ] 3 [ CP e ] (11) 3 [ CP t 3 ] [ CP e ] (12) John knows [ CP which boy 7 [ IP they chose t 7 ]], and Bill knows [ CP which girl 11 [ IP they chose t 11 ]] (10) (11) PF LF (13) a. [ CP ] b. * [ CP ] Wh CP (14) a. Who 4 t 4 wonders [ CP what 1 [ IP John gave t 1 to whom]] b. Who 4 t 4 wonders [ CP [which picture of whom 5 ] 8 [ IP John bought t 8 ]] c.??[which picture of whom 5 ] 8 does John wonder [ CP who 4 [ IP t 4 bought t 8 ]] (15) a. [ CP ] b. 9 [ CP t 9 ] (Saito 1989) (16) a. [ CP ] ( LF) b. () [ CP... ]

4 Chomsky (2000) Saito (2007)... (17) a. vp b. vp v VP v VP [φ: _ ] [φ: α] V DP V DP [φ: α, Case: _ ] [φ: α, Case: ACC] LF (18) a. vp b. vp v VP v VP [φ: _ ] [φ: _ ] V e V DP [φ: α, Case: ACC] v φ v φ φ 2.2. φ DP PP (PPPP) (19) a. b. (20) a. [ [ [ ]]] b. [ [ [ ]]] DP PP φ PP φ φ Bošković (2007) Bošković (2007)

5 (21) a. TP b. TP c. TP T vp T vp DP T [φ: _ ] [φ: α] [φ: α] [Case: NOM] DP v DP v T vp [φ: α] [φ: α] [φ: α] [Case: _ ] [Case:_] t v (22) [ TP [ TP [ TP ]]] (Kuno 1973) (23) TP DP T [Case: _ ] DP T [Case: _ ] DP T [Case: _ ] vp T 3. Chomsky (2000, 2008) φ φ Chomsky (2013) Sells (1995) An (2009) Chomsky (1994) (24) γ = {α, β} (Chomsky 2013) (25) a. γ = {H, βp}... H b. γ = {αp, βp}...? c. γ = {H, H}...?

6 (26) YP DP TP... (CP ) T XP DP vp... v VP V DP φ YP (27) a. [ [ []]] b. DP ZP D DP YP PP NP DP N (28) γ = {αp [Case], βp} (29) TP 1 DP 1 TP 2 [Case: NOM] DP 2 TP 3 [Case: NOM].. T..

7 DP A (30) a. [ CP ] b. i [ CP t i ] (31) a. A b. wh XP XP DP TP YP CP [φ] [Q].. T.. [φ].. C.. [Q] (32) a. XP b. XP DP TP DP CP.. T.... C.. DP DP (33) a. i t i b. i t i PP (20) (33a) PP Sells (1995) An (2009) (34) a. [] ( ) b. [] ( ) c. [] ( )

8 DP PP λ λ DP PP (35) a. γ = {αp [λ], βp [λ]}... X b. γ = {αp [λ], βp}... β c. γ = {αp, βp}... X (36) a. CP b. NP c. VP AVP C AVP N(P) AVP v/v(p) [λ: concl.] [λ: prenom.] [λ: preverb.] (37) a. TP b. NP c. VP DP/PP TP DP/PP N(P) DP/PP v/v(p) [λ: NOM] [λ: GEN] [λ: ACC] (38) i t i 4. 4.1. (1993) (39) γ = {H [λ], H} (40) V 1 +V 2 V 1 V 2 () (41) a. b. * (42) a. b. c.

9 d. e. (43) a. ** b. ** c. ** d. ** (40) (44) a. Ta he-zui (jiu) le (Huang 1992) he drink-get.drunk wine Asp. He drank (wine) and got drunk b. Ta qi-lei-le lianpi ma he ride-tired-asp. two horse He rode two horses and got them tired V 1 +V 2 V 1 V 2 VP (45) a. b. (46) a. b. (47) a. b. * ( ) (48) a. b. *

10 (49) TP (Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004) i T vp t i v VP v j V vp t j v VP v (50) a. b. c. (1993) (51) (52) - ( 2 2 ) ( 1 1 ) ( 2 2 ) (53) - ( 2 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 2 )

11 (54) [ [ V 1 + V 2 ]] (55) a. (cf. 1993) b. (56) a. * b. * (57) a. [ VP [ V [ V ]-[ V ]]] b. [ v [ VP [ V [ V ]-[ V ]]] v*] (58) v/v* (58) V 1 +V 2 V 1 V 2 (59) V V (59) a. γ 1 = {V 1, V 2 } b. γ 2 = {DP, {V 1, V 2 }} (60) a. = os-i + taos + ru b. = suber-i + oti + ru (61) = tob-i + kom... [V-i V] -i λ (preverbal) (62) a. [ vp ] b. [ vp ]

12 (63) a. b. [ vp i ] pro i (64) γ = {V 1 [λ], V 2 }... 4.2. (65) a. Ta he-zui (jiu) le (= (44)) he drink-get.drunk wine Asp. He drank (wine) and got drunk b. Ta qi-lei-le lianpi ma he ride-tired-asp. two horse He rode two horses and got them tired (66) Òzó suá Úyì dé (Baker and Stewart 1999) Ozo push Uyi fall Ozo pushed Uyi, which made him fall. (67) [ NP ] (Grimshaw and Mester 1988) (68) a. (= (45a)) b. ( ) (69) a. [ NP ] b. [ NP ] Saito and Hoshi (2000) (70) [ NP ] (71) a. * 3 cc

13 b. * (Grimshaw and Mester 1988, Miyagawa 1989, Tsujimura 1990) (72) a. * [ NP 3 cc ] b. * [ NP ] (73) TP T vp t v VP v* PP V NP 3 cc (72) Saito (2001) (74) Òzó sùá Úyì dé (= (66)) Ozo push Uyi fall Ozo pushed Uyi, causing him to fall. TP Òzó T T vp t v v* VP Úyì V sùá VP dé (74) (Saito 2014)

14 (75) a. b. (cf. *John lifted the dream) (75) (76) a. *Òzó ré kp`ol O Ozo ate be.big Ozo ate himself fat. b. *Òzó dá (ày On) mu`emu E Ozo drink palm wine be.sluggish Ozo drank palmwine and became sluggish. (77) a. Ta chi-bao (fan) le (Huang 2006 ) he eat-full rice Asp. He ate (rice) and became full. b. Ta he-zui (jiu) le he drink-drunk wine Asp. He drank (wine) and became drunk. (78) a. [ vp Ta [ v v [ VP fan [ V [ V chi] [ VP [ V bao]] ]] ]] (Merge to yield the base vp structure) b. [ vp Ta [ v v [ VP fan [ V [ V [ V chi] [ V bao]] [ VP [ V bao]] ]] ]] c. [ vp Ta [ v [ v v [ V [ V chi] [ V bao]]] [ VP fan [ V [ V [ V chi] [ V bao]] [ VP [ V bao]] ]] ]] (79) a. α α (Bobaljik 1995) b. α α (80) a. [ [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] b. [ v + [V 1 + V 2 ] [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] b. [ v + [V 1 + V 2 ] [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] ( ) c. [ v + [V 1 + V 2 ] [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] ( )

15 (81) a. [ [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] b. [ v + [V 1 + V 2 ] [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] b. [ v + [V 1 + V 2 ] [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] () c. [ v + [V 1 + V 2 ] [V 1 + V 2 ] V 2 ] ( ) P-A Transfer (76) 5. Saito (2012) φ Koizumi (1998) (82) a. () b. [ TP [ T [ T [ vp t [ v [ VP t (wakar) ] v]] T (-ru)]]] (Yatsushiro 1999) (83) a. (Miyagawa 1989) b.?? (84) (85) [ TP [ vp [ VP [ VP t (ak) ]] v] T (ta)] (86) a. () b.?? () (87) [ TP [ T [ T [ vp t [ v [ VP t (wakar) ] v]] T (-ru)]]] T (2009) (cf. Kitagawa 1986, Shimada 2007)

16 (88) a. b. (i) VP (ii) VP (iii) vp (iv) vp V v DP V VP v DP v V v DP V VP v V (t v ) DP V V (t v ) c. (v) TP (vi) TP (vii) TP (viii) CP T C vp T DP T TP C DP v T C vp T DP T t DP v T C vp T t DP v T (t C ) Saito (2012) (63) (89) a. () b. (i) TP (ii) vp (iii) VP (iv) VP T C v TP V vp V T C v TP V vp T C v TP T C

17 (v) vp (vi) vp (vii) TP VP v v vp T V v TP VP v v T C V (t vp ) T C v TP VP v T C v (t TP ) Kayne (1994) (Linear Correspondence Axiom, LCA) (90) XP YP X X ZP Z WP (91) vp DP v VP v DP V V v Saito (2012) (2009) Kitahara (2013) (2009) v {V, DP} φ Kitahara (92) a. VP b. vp... X V DP v VP [Case: ACC ] [φ: _ ] v V V DP [φ: _ ] [Case: ACC] (t v ) V

18 φ Kayne (1994) c (2009) φ Saito and Murasugi 1990, Lobeck 1990 (93) a. John thinks that Mary was in London b. C C φ φ DP DP {C, T} vp T vp (94) a. John bought something, but I don t know what b. Q what C e φ DP T vp v-v, C-T {v, V}, {C, T} 6. φ φ Saito (2007) φ Bošković (2007)

19 Sells (1995) An (2009) NP (1993) φ An, Duk-Ho (2009) A Note on Genitive Drop in Korean. Nanzan Linguistics 5: 1-16. Baker, Mark and Osamuyimen T. Stewart (1999) On Double-Headedness and the Anatomy of the Clause. Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University. Bobaljik, Jonathan (1995) Morphosyntax: The Syntax of Verbal Inflection. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. Bošković, Željko (2007) On the Locality and Motivation of Move and Agree: An Even More Minimalist Theory. Linguistic Inquiry 38: 589-644. Chomsky, Noam (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Chomsky, Noam (1994) Bare Phrase Structure. In Gert Webelhuth (ed.), Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program, 383-439. Oxford: Blackwell. Chomsky, Noam (2000) Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework. In Roger Martin, David Michaels and Juan Uriagereka (eds.), Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, 89-155. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Chomsky, Noam (2008) On Phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.), Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essay in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133-166. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Chomsky, Noam (2013) Problems of Projection. Lingua 130: 33-49. Fukui, Naoki (1986) A Theory of Category Projection and its Applications, Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. Grimshaw, Jane and Armin Mester (1988) Light Verbs and θ-marking. Linguistic Inquiry 19: 205-232. Hale, Ken (1980) Remarks on Japanese Phrase Structure: Comments on the Papers on Japanese Syntax. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 2: 185-203. Hiraiwa, Ken (2001) Multiple Agree and the Defect Intervention Constraint. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 40: 67-80. Huang, C.-T. James (1992) Complex Predicates in Control. In Richard K. Larson, et al. (eds.), Control and Grammar, 109-147. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Huang, C.-T. James (2006) Resultatives and Unaccusatives: A Parametric View. Bulletin of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan 253: 1-43.

20 (1993). Kayne, Richard S. (1994) The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kim, Soowon (1999) Sloppy/Strict Identity, Empty Objects, and NP Ellipsis. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8: 255-284. Kitagawa, Yoshihisa (1986) Subjects in Japanese and English. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Kitahara, Hisatsugu (2013) Simplest Merge and Language Variation. Unpublished manuscript, Keio University. Koizumi, Masatoshi (1998) Remarks on Nominative Objects. Journal of Japanese Linguistics 16: 39-66. Kuno, Susumu (1973) The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kuroda S.-Y. (1965a) Generative Grammatical Studies in the Japanese Language. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. Kuroda, S.-Y. (1965b) Causative Forms in Japanese. Foundations of Language 1: 30-50. Kuroda, S.-Y. (1988) Whether We Agree or Not. Linguisticae Investigationes 12: 1-47. Lobeck, Anne (1990) Functional Heads as Proper Governors. NELS 20: 348-362. Miyagawa, Shigeru (1989a) Structure and Case Marking in Japanese. San Diego: Academic Press. Miyagawa, Shigeru (1989b) Light Verbs and the Ergative Hypothesis. Linguistic Inquiry 20: 659-668. Murasugi, Keiko and Tomoko Hashimoto (2004) Three Pieces of Acquisition Evidence for the v-vp Frame. Nanzan Linguistics 1: 1-19. Oku, Satoshi (1988) A Theory of Selection and Reconstruction in the Minimalist Program. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut. Otani, Kazuyo and John Whitman (1991) V-raising and VP-ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry 22: 345-358. Pesetsky, David (1989) Language-Particular Processes and the Earliness Principle, Unpublished manuscript, MIT. Saito, Mamoru (1982) Case Marking in Japanese: A Preliminary Study. Unpublished manuscript, MIT. Saito, Mamoru (1989) Scrambling as Semantically Vacuous A -movement. In Mark R. Baltin and Anthony S. Kroch (eds.), Alternative Conceptions of Phrase Structure, 182-200. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Saito, Mamoru (2001) Movement and θ-roles: A Case Study with Resultatives. In Yukio Otsu (ed.), The Proceedings of the Second Tokyo Conference on Psycholinguistics, 35-60. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo. Saito, Mamoru (2007) Notes on East Asian Argument Ellipsis. Language Research 43: 203-227. Saito, Mamoru (2012) Case Checking/Valuation in Japanese: Move, Agree or Merge? Nanzan Linguistics 8: 109-127. (2014),,

21 ( ), 207-233. Saito, Mamoru and Hiroto Hoshi (2000) The Japanese Light Verb Construction and the Minimalist Program. In Roger Martin, et al., eds., Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, 261-295. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Saito, Mamoru, T.-H. Jonah Lin and Keiko Murasugi (2008) N -Ellipsis and the Structure of Noun Phrases in Chinese and Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17: 247-271. Saito, Mamoru and Keiko Murasugi (1990) N -deletion in Japanese: A Preliminary Study. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 1: 285-301. Sells, Peter (1995) Korean and Japanese Morphology from a Lexical Perspective. Linguistic Inquiry 26: 277-325. Şener, Serkan and Daiko Takahashi (2010) Argument Ellipsis in Japanese and Turkish. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 61: 325-339. Shimada, Junri (2007) Head Movement, Binding Theory, and Phrase Structure. Unpublished manuscript, MIT. (2006) LF,. Takahashi, Masahiko (2010) Case, Phases, and Nominative/Accusative Conversion in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 19: 319-355. (2009), ( )I, 135-168. Tsujimura, Natsuko (1990) Ergativity of Nouns and Case Assignment. Linguistic Inquiry 21: 277-287. Ura, Hiroyuki (1999) Checking Theory and Dative Subject Constructions in Japanese and Korean. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8: 223-254. Webelhuth, Gert (1989) Syntactic Saturation Phenomena and the Modern Germanic Languages. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Williams, Edwin (1977) Discourse and logical form. Linguistic Inquiry 8: 101-139. Yang, Dong-Whee (1983) The Extended Binding Theory of Anaphors. Language Research 19: 169-192. Yatsushiro, Kazuko (1999) Case Licensing and VP Structure. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut.

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