pc (SMBH) X TeV( 12 ev) CANGAROO(Collaboration of Australia and Nippon for a GAmma-Ray Observatory in the Outback) TeV CANGAROO-III m 3 3 ( 1 TeV 2%)

Transcription

1 CANGAROO-III TeV

2 pc (SMBH) X TeV( 12 ev) CANGAROO(Collaboration of Australia and Nippon for a GAmma-Ray Observatory in the Outback) TeV CANGAROO-III m 3 3 ( 1 TeV 2%) (.18 ) TeV CANGAROO-III TeV / 3 2 RXJ H.E.S.S. 1 CANGAROO-II CANGAROO-III / RX J σ CANGAROO-III (.23 ) 65 GeV 17 % ( ) E 2.7±.6stat ±.4 sys (4.8 ± 1.6 stat ±.9 sys ) 12 photons cm 2 sec 1 TeV 1 1 TeV CANGAROO-III 5σ

3 Contents Chapter RX J TeV TeV Chapter Chapter 3 CANGAROO-III DAQ : Chapter 4 ( ) /

4 Chapter Chapter 6 RX J T RX J TDC Chapter Chapter Appendix A 138 A A Appendix B 142 Appendix C / 144 Appendix D -MC 145 3

5 Appendix E RX J Appendix F 149 Appendix G 15 4

6 1 TeV 2 3 CANGAROO-III / / TeV / CANGAROO-III / CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III RX J RX J

7 Chapter 1 X X X 197 SAS II COS B kev 3 GeV 4 (BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET) NASA CGRO(Compton Gamma Ray Observatory) 3 [3] TeV TeV 27 TeV 1.1: EGRET [3] 71 ( 1.2) ( 1.3) X Uhuru 197 Uhuru X TeV 2

8 CTA(Cherenkov Telescope Array) AGIS(The Advanced Gamma-ray Imaging System ) TeV 1.2: TeV [4] CTA [5] 1.3: ( ) X MeV/GeV TeV ( ) CTA 5 5 σ [5]( ) TeV 3

9 1.2 RX J Section 1.1 kev ( 1.4) 2 ev TeV (1912 ) 1 (1eV / cc) % 1.4: 2.5 knee ankle TeV 4

10 ( ) 3 4 π ( 18 ev ) e B R R = pc zeb (1.1) p E px R = E GeV 1 z 6 G B 3 13 cm (1.2) 1TeV µ Gauss R 3 pc AUGER ( ) EGRAT ( 1.1) EGRET MeV GeV erg 5

11 (Appendix A) % 15 ev 1.5: Cassiopea A X ( ) [?]( ) (SMBH) (BH) SMBH SMBH 6

12 1.6: (AGN) TeV Marakarian51 Marakarian421 8 M X 1.7: Barnard 68[?]( ) CenA [?]( ) 2 7

13 Section 1.2 TeV (Inverse Compton Scattering) (β 1) P IC P IC = 4 3 σ T cγ 2 β 2 U ph (1.3) σ T U ph β 1 E E γ 2 E (γe m e c 2 ) (1.4) E m e γ γe m e c 2 σ = 3 8 σ T x 1 (ln 2x ) (1.5) x = γe m e c 2 1 (1.6) 1/γE E γm e c 2 (γe m e c 2 ) (1.7) 2.7 K E = ev (T = 2.728K) γe m e c 2 T ev (1.4) TeV 2.7 K 1 TeV (Synchrotron Emission) (β 1) 8

14 P syn = 4 3 σ T cγ 2 β 2 U B (1.8) U B = B 2 /8π, γ, β ( B ( Gauss)) p (p 1)/2 p 2.5 E syn B E syn = 2( µ Gauss )( E e ) sin θ[kev ] (1.9) T ev E e θ SSC (Synchrotron Self-Compton) VHE SSC SSC SSC TeV (curvature radiation) q m B Gauss R = γmc 2 /qb ρ K = hc 4πρ γ3 (1.) mc 2 dγ dt = de dt = 2 q 2 c 3 ρ 2 γ4 (1.11) t γ (1.) K t = t = T K() K(T ) 1 K(T ) 1 K() = 8π2 q 2 ct hc mc 2 πρ 9 1 K ct πρ (1.12)

15 K = (mc 2 ) hc/(8π 2 q 2 ) 5.5MeV GeV K(T ) = K K() K + K() ct πρ (1.13) ρ ct = πρ ct/(πρ) 1 K() K ct/(πρ) = 1 K() K(T ) = K MeV MeV GeV GeV ϵ max [46] ϵ max = [ ] 3E3 p 2m 3 R.2 B 3/4 4 T ev (1.14) Gauss 1 TeV B 5 Gauss (Bremsstrahlung) Maxwell - π π 7 MeV 7 MeV 7MeV π ([19][2]) e γ π γ.85 [ α 2Z N π 1 ( α α α )][ ϕ e ϕ N ] (1.15) Z N π p-p π spectrum-weighted moment ϕ e (E e ) E α,ϕ N (E N ) E α α π (Neutral pion decay) π, π +, π π γ π sec(π

16 π ) π 2γ 2 E γ π log e (E γ ) m π /2 7MeV π 7 MeV π E γ π Eπ min Eπ min = E γ + m 2 π/4e γ E γ (E γ m 2 π ) (1.16) 1 TeV 1 TeV π Drury et al. (1994) Naito & Takahara (1994) Drury et al. (1994) π TeV F π ( E) 9 11 E θ( 1T ev ) 1.1 ( E SN 51 erg )( d n 1kpc ) 2 ( 1cm 3 )cm2 s 1 (1.17) θ E SN d n 2.1 π + π VHE - (photo-meson effect) - π p + γ LE p + π or n + π + (1.18) π π E p (2m pm π + m 2 π )c 4 4E γ, LE (E p m p c 2 ) (1.19) E γ, LE X (E γ, X 1keV ) π 14 ev WMAP [6] 27% 4% ( 1.8) 11

17 1.8: [6] Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) WIMPs 1. WIMPs 2. WINPs ( ) 3. WMAP WIMPs WIMPs (Minimal Super-symmetric extension of the standard model(mssm)) (Lightest Supersymmetric Particle(LSP)) χ 1 LSP R-parity LSP R LSP LSP [7][8] χ 1 + χ 1 f + f χ 1 + χ 1 γ + γ 12

18 χ 1 + χ 1 Z + γ f f ( 1.9) 1.9: V Z [9] LSP 2 Z γ E γ = m χ 1 c 2 (if χ 1 + χ 1 γ + γ) (1.2) E γ = m χ 1 c 2 (1 m2 Z 4m 2 ) (if χ 1 + χ 1 Z + γ) (1.21) χ 1 m χ 1 m Z Z m χ 1 TeV TeV Section 1.3 RX J RX J ROSAT ( 1.( )) ASCA [33] CANGAROO-I TeV [34] CANGAROO-II 2 21 σ ( 1.( )) ( 1.11( ) [36]) π 1kpc X [33] 1.11( ) 6.3kpc 3EG J H.E.S.S. TeV 13

19 EGRET radio 2-2 CANGAROO ASCA -1 E df/de or E F(>E) (ev cm s ) でいることがわかった [31] このことは ガンマ線を放射した親粒子は TeV 以上のエネルギー を持っていることを意味し 粒子が高エネルギーまで加速されていることを示唆する結果である それとは別に モルフォロジーは X 線衛星 ASCA で観測された強度マップと良く一致すること から 電子起源の可能性も捨てきれなくなった また H.E.S.S. のスペクトルは CANGAROO-II で得られていたものとフラックスの冪の点で若干異なり その点でも電子起源を有意に排除する ことは難しい GLAST の観測結果によって陽子起源か電子起源かはっきりすると考えられてい る (図 1.12 [38]) -5 5 Photon energy, E (ev) 図 1.: (左)ROSAT による RX J の発見 [32] (右)RX J の多波長スペク トル 実線 シンクロトロン放射モデル 点線 逆コンプトンモデル 破線 制動放射モデル 破 点線 パイオン崩壊モデル CANGAROO-II のデータは陽子起源のガンマ線を示唆している [35] 図 1.11: (左)CO(J= 1-) の放射強度が紫色のコントアで示されている 白で示されているのは XMM-Newton のソフトバンドイメージである CO の分布は CO のスペクトル中でドップラー シフトで計算して -11kms 1-3kms 1 に対応する速度帯のものを取り出している 距離に換 算すれば 1kpc 程度 黄色で示されたのは CANGAROO-II の結果である [36] (右) 同じく CO(J= 1-) の放射の強度マップ CO の分布は CO のスペクトル中でドップラーシフトで計算し て -5kms 1-8kms 1 に対応する速度帯のものを取り出している 距離に換算すれば 6.3kpc 程度 黒のコントアは ROSAT 赤のコントアは CANGAROO-II の結果 白のコントアが 3EG を示している [37] 14

20 s -1 ) -2 dn/de (ev cm 2 E EGRET 1 Inverse Compton π - decay GLAST - hadronic 5 years GLAST - leptonic 5 years H.E.S.S Energy (ev) 1.12: GLAST RX J [38] RX J H.E.S.S. TeV ( 1.13 [3]) TeV / 66% TeV / RX J RX J TeV TeV 2 [36] d = 6kpc 2 RX J RX J [39] 15

21 1.13: H.E.S.S. RX J TeV 3 5σ σ 15σ [3] 1kpc 6kpc [3 ](pc) AD 393 No 16 > Sedov (cm 3 ) <.1.3 (km/s) (M ) < 1 35 (erg) 48 5 (SNR 51 ).1% % 1.1: RX J Section kpc OB % Sgr A East Sgr A 6 M (super-massive black hole(smbh)) 1.14 VLA 9cm 16

22 図 1.14: 銀河中心領域 VLA 9cm 銀河中心領域の中心である約.2 度の領域は Sgr A complex と呼ばれる領域である この 領域内にある天体は VHE ガンマ線を生成すると考えられている [] この領域を観測すること で 領域内の VHE ガンマ線放射を解明することが期待されている この領域の VHE ガンマ線の放射源としては 分子雲 この領域には二つの分子雲 (M と M ) が存在している 宇 宙線がそれら分子雲に衝突することでガンマ線を生成すると考えられる Sgr A East Sgr A East は非熱的な電波源であり 広がった放射領域を形成している (7pc 9pc 3 4 ) また 超大質量ブラックホールである Sgr A からは 5 (2pc) 離れ ていると考えられている シェル構造を示し そのシェルは分子雲 M と衝突し ている この超新星のシェルは 密度の濃い星間物質と相互作用して VHE ガンマ線を生 成するであろう Sgr A West Srg A West IRS16 この領域は星形成領域であると考えられ 周囲にあ る多数の若く質量の重い星からの輻射でイオン化されている これら 質量の大きな星から の星風が周囲の物質と相互作用することにより また 物質が銀河中心の超大質量ブラック ホールに落ち込むことで ガンマ線を生成するであろう この領域は Sgr A から 2 ほど しか離れていない 中心の電波源 (超大質量ブラックホール) Sgr A は H II 領域に囲まれており 電波の観 測から 超大質量ブラックホールであろうと考えられている 物質の運動学から 超大質量 17

23 (3 4) 6 M R s.6au LSP X X TeV X SMBH X X X 5 36 erg/s (Advection Dominated Accretion Flows(ADAF)) [11] SarA 1999 X Chandra 2-keV ADAF 2 Chandra X X SgrA X XMM-Newton 2 2 [12] X R s X X SgrA ( pc) Chandra 2 X % SgrA Sgr A East Sgr A East X mixed morphology SNR Chandra Sgr A East Ia SNR 17 [13] SgrA X ( 18

24 X Sgr B2 [14]) X INTEGRAL 2-6keV ( 1.15) INTEGRAL SgrA INTEGRAL FWHM 13 SMBH IGR SgrA 1.1 Sag A East : 2-4 kev INTEGRAL/IBIS [15] XMM-Newton sub MeV X X INTEGRAL X INTEGRAL sub MeV GeV EGRET 3EG J GeV 1.3 GeV 8kpc erg/s 3EG J EGRET [16] SgrA 99% 19

25 ている [17] しかしながら これらの解析結果はどれも EGRET の観測チームが公式に行ったも のではなく 信頼の置けるものではない 現在 EGRET が検出したガンマ線源は INTEGRAL が検出したガンマ線源には対応していないのではないかと考えられている 銀河中心領域のチェレンコフ望遠鏡観測事例 銀河中心領域は現在までに 4 つの大気チェレンコフ望遠鏡で観測されている ここでは そ れら観測の歴史を振り返りながら TeV での放射の描像に迫ることにする CANGAROO-II による銀河中心からの TeV ガンマ線の発見 [44] 24 年 CANGAROO-II m 望遠鏡によって 銀河中心からの sub-tev ガンマ線放射が 検出された Whipple グループの結果はマージナルな結果であり significance としても弱く 銀 河中心からの TeV 放射を発見したとはいえない 一方 CANGAROO-II のこの時の観測では 21 年と 22 年の 2 年間に 66 時間の観測をし 25GeV 以上のエネルギーで significance とし て 9.8 σ という優位なガンマ線信号を検出した これらのこの結果により 歴史的には銀河中心 からの TeV ガンマ線の発見は CANGAROO-II のこの論文に帰せられる 銀河中心での TeV 放 射の微分フラックスが求められ そのスペクトルは冪型で 冪は 4.6 ±.5 と求められた 非常 にソフトな冪をしている この非常にソフトな冪を説明するために 論文では π 放射のカット オフの部分が見えている という可能性が議論されている 冪は 別の論文 [45] で修正されてお り となっている 1TeV 以上の積分フラックスは 約 % Crab となる 信号の中心は SgrA の位置と一致し 点源とおもわれる (図 1.16) Whipple による銀河中心の TeV ガンマ線観測結果 (マージナルな検出) [43] 24 年 Whipple グループは 1995 年から 23 年まで 26 時間に亘る銀河中心の観測によ りマージナルに 3.7 σ という優位度で信号を検出した 2.8 TeV 以上の積分フラックスとして 4% Crab 程度となる 95% の確度での信号領域は 検出器自体の確度分解能の悪さもあって.25 度 に広がっている この領域内に SgrA と SgrAEast 共に含まれる 放射は点源に見え 時間変 動は見られない 図 1.16: Whipple グループによるエクセスマップ [43](左) および CANGAROO-II 観測による significance マップ [44](右) 2

26 H.E.S.S [46] 24 H.E.S.S. TeV SgrA 1 23 H.E.S.S h 6.2σ h 9.2σ 165GeV stat.15 syst ( 1.22) 165GeV ( ) 7 m 2 s 1 5% Crab 1TeV 12% Crab CANGAROO-II SgrA SgrAEast H.E.S.S. TeV [47] H.E.S.S Data set N tel Live time [hour] Threshold [GeV] Excess Significance [σ] TeV ( 1.17) σ 15% : H.E.S.S. 1TeV [47]( ) MAGIC 1TeV [55]( ) MAGIC [55] 24 Whipple CANGAROO-II H.E.S.S. TeV MAGIC significance σ 3 1TeV H.E.S.S (2.9.6) 21

27 12 (E/T ev ) cm 2 s 1 T ev 1 ( 1.17) MAGIC H.E.S.S. TeV SgrA SgrAEast 1.18: Magic [55]( ) H.E.S.S. ( ) ( ) [18]( ) H.E.S.S. [18] ( 1.18) G TeV EGRET 3EG J RMS.28 l <.8 b <.3 Γ = stat.2 sys 1 SgrB SgrA 1.19( ) CO [49] ( ) π TeV TeV 2 SgrA SgrAEast 22

28 < l < < l < < l < Cor. Excess Counts < l < < l < < l <.35 < l < < l <.65 < l < 1.55 s -1 sr -1 ) dn/de (TeV -1 cm GC Region - Diffuse Model Sgr B Region HESS J Galactic Latitude (degrees) Cor. Excess Counts 2 2 G HESS J Galactic Longitude (degrees) Energy (TeV) 1.19: [18] ( ) CO b <.2 ( ) Diffuse model Diffuse model 1 TeV 4 H.E.S.S. TeV [5] significance 38σ 16 GeV 3 TeV Γ = stat. sys TeV DM TeV DM % DM NFW (Navarro Frenk and White distribution[51]) DM < σv >(velocity-weighted annihilation cross section) cm 3 s 1 26 cm 3 s 1 DM < σv > DM NFW DM compressed NFW < σv > < σv > 26 H.E.S.S. TeV [52] CCD 23

29 6 2 TeV HESS J l = (stat) b = (stat) ( 1.2) SgrA (stat.) 8.5 (sys.) TeV G SgrA 8.7 TeV 2 SgrA G TeV SgrAEast -.2 Sgr A* G HESS J (24) HESS J (25/6) preliminary : H.E.S.S. pc VLA 9cm [52] H.E.S.S. Chandra X [53] SgrA X TeV HESS J SgrA X X TeV 2 H.E.S.S. Chandra X H.E.S.S. X TeV ( 1.21) TeV TeV 2 99% TeV SgrA 24

30 1.21: Chandra 1-keV [54]( ) H.E.S.S. X ( )Chandra 4 ( )15 TeV [53]( ) TeV 1TeV / 12% ( 1.22) 1 TeV [18] TeV Sgr A G Sgr A East [52] TeV TeV X 2R s [53] TeV % [5] ( ) 25

31 differential flux [photons/cm2/s/tev] differential flux Crab (HEGRA) CANGAROO-II MAGIC H.E.S.S. Whipple energy [TeV] 1.22: Whipple CANGAROO-II H.E.S.S. MAGIC TeV SMBH SMBH VHE SgrA VHE TeV X O( 4 )sec O( 2 3 )sec X SMBH VHE SMBH VHE TeV SMBH TeV [58] [ ] SMBH VHE 3 1. SMBH SMBH ( 6 Gauss ) 26

32 1.23: Zylka et al.(1995) Genzel et al.(23) Chandra X Baganoff et al.(21,23) XMM-Newton Porquet et al.(23) X INTEGRAL INTEGRAL X SgrA (Belanger et al.24) EGRET (Mayer- Hasselwander et al.1998) GeV 1 Whipple (kosack et al.24) CANGAROO-II(Tsuchiya et al.24) H.E.S.S.(Aharonian et al.24) CANGAROO-III MAGIC H.E.S.S. [46] TeV TeV 6 Gauss 1TeV radiation length TeV 2. photo-meson effect 18 ev mm 2 1/ 2 TeV photo-meson effect 3. - π B 4 Gauss (few R s ) 27

33 photo-meson effct π SMBH VHE - R/v r 3 4 sec - t pp (n/ 8 cm 3 ) 1 sec TeV - (O( 39 ) erg/s) 1 O( 4 ) erg/s - X flux TeV flux X π 2 TeV X - TeV TeV [ ] SMBH VHE 1. (CRIC) SMBH VHE 2 1 VHE TeV ε vurv 2 8 (E e / 14 ev) 3 ev GeV E γ E e 14 ev TeV 3 M /yr [59] GeV-TeV [59] 4 GeV GLAST kev X 3µGauss 28

34 SMBH [6] SMBH π flux (live time) live time flux exponential live time - ev pc 6 TeV TeV - TeV 5 - TeV 2 - INTEGRAL (stochastic) [61] stochastic( ) mm mm stochastic TeV stochastic π - SMBH 3 TeV 1-1 /cc O( 15 )sec TeV - 2 TeV MeV π MeV GeV GLAST 29

35 SgrAEast SgrAEast TeV H.E.S.S. IACTs RXJ SgrAEast π TeV [62] TeV SgrAEast π H.E.S.S. SgrAEast SgrA [52] cm 3 s -1 ) -26 <σ v> ( pmssm limits pmssm contours (1) KK B limits pmssm pmssm + WMAP (1) KK B (1) KK B + WMAP m DM (TeV) 1.24: H.E.S.S. NFW pmssm KK WMAP pmssm KK [63] DM DM 2 H.E.S.S. IACTs < ρv > m DM DM ( 1.24) 3

36 TeV DM DM H.E.S.S. TeV DM TeV % ( 1.25) [5] IACTs TeV s -1 ) dn/de (TeV cm 2 E (H.E.S.S.) 23 (H.E.S.S.) MSSM KK 7% bb, 3% τ + τ - 1 Energy (TeV) 1.25: H.E.S.S σ MSSM 14 TeV DM KK 5 TeV DM TeV DM τ + τ 3% b b 7% [5] 31

37 Chapter 2 GeV GeV TeV Section (EAS:Extensive Air Shower) ( 2.1) 84MeV GeV km primary γ E E/2 first interaction e + e - x= x=r E/4 γ e + γ e - x=2r E/8 e + e - γ e + e + e - γ e - x=3r E/16 γ e + e - γ e + e - γ e + γ e + e - γ e + e - γ e - x=4r 2.1: 32

38 1 - (p,n) ( p, n) π (π π ± ) π ( sec) π 2γ (2.1) ( GeV) π ± ( sec) π ± π + µ + + ν µ (2.2) π µ + ν µ (2.3) µ primary cosmic-ray π π + p N γ e - e + e - e + γ ν µ µ + p n n n N p ν µ e + ν e p p n electromagnetic component strong meson component strong nucleonic component 2.2: 33

39 π π π + π π : ( )GeV ( )3GeV Section 2.2 c = c/n v βcosθ c = 1 n β = v c (2.4) (2.5) (β 1) θ c = cos 1 (1/n) ( 2.4) 1GeV 34

40 n n T [K] ( n = x 3g cm 2 ) ( ) T 1 (2.6) 273.2K x T x T = x[K] [22] 1atm n 1.27 θ c = cos 1 (1/n) 1.3 TeV θ c 3 v<c/n v>c/n A v t θ c n t 9 o C (a) (b) (c) B wave front 2.4: (a) (b) (c) [21] z de/dx[ergs/cm] ν de dx = z2 e 2 c 2 βn 1 ( 1 1 β 2 n 2 ) νdν. (2.7) l λ 1 λ 2 N N = 1 λ2 ω λ 1 l ( de ) dx (2.8) dx = 2παlz 2 ( 1 λ 1 1 λ 2 ) ( 1 1 n 2 β 2 ). (2.9) α α = e 2 / c 1/137 l = 1 m 35 55nm 27 β ( 2.9) 3 3 E = 12 ev 35

41 3 7 km m 2 m 2 3 light pool r c r c θ c ( 2.5) r c = ( ) θ c (2.) km r c 3 m nsec π 2 nsec r 2 c 4 5 m 2 7 km 2 km m ( 2.6(b)) ( 2.6(c)) A Shower maximum height B C θc Camera FOV B A C Telescope r c 2.5: 36

42 2.6: (a) (b) (c) Section 2.3 TeV / 1TeV 11 photons cm 2 sec 1 4 CANGAROO-III 9 photons cm 2 sec 1 2 TeV / Whipple ( ) 37

43 2.7: CANGAROO-III ( )1 TeV ( )3 TeV 2.8: α ( 2.9) ( (Appendix B) ) Width ( ) Length ( ) Distance 38

44 Alpha Alpha Alpha Alpha= major axis LENGTH DISTANCE 2-1 WIDTH source position : ADC Section 2.4 CANGAROO-III ( ) 39

45 camera A camera B shower image shower orientaion angle shower impact position telescope A telescope B 2.: 2 ( ) ( ) shower impact position shower orientaion angle camera A camera B telescope A telescope B 2.11: 3 4

46 Section 2.5 S/N π ( ) sec µ + e + + ν e + ν µ (2.11) µ e + ν e + ν µ (2.12) 99.97% 2 1TeV r b µ θc 2r/tanθc θc 2.12: r/tanθ c 41

47 r=m θ c 1.3 2r/tanθ c 88m β 1m h 2r/tanθ c S S = (h tanθ c ) 2 π ((h 2r tanθ c ) tanθ c ) 2 π (2.13) h km S = m 2 1 m 2 m 2 2 h 1km 1km 2 3m CANGAROO-III m ( 3.3) 1 1 ( 2.13) Air shower Gamma ray or Hadron muon ~1 Cherenkov pool ~km ~1km ~25m ~12m 2.13: Section 2.6 CANGAROO 4 H.E.S.S.( High Energy Stereoscopic System) MAGIC( The Major Atmospheric Gamma ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescope ) VERITAS( Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) ( 2.1) m GeV 42

48 Location mirror shape f f/d FOV System VERITAS 31.7N, 1.9W, 23 m asl. Davies-cotton m HESS 23.3S, 16.5E, 18 m asl. Davies-cotton 15 m MAGIC 28.8N, 17.8W, 2225 m asl. Parabola 17 m single 2 CANGAROO 31.1S, 136.8E, 16 m asl. Parabola 8 m (3) 2.1: MAGIC VERITAS H.E.S.S. CANGAROO ( 2.14) 18 o -15 o -12 o -9 o -6 o -3 o o 3 o 6 o 9 o 12 o 15 o 18 o 6 o 3 o MAGIC o -3 o VERITAS -6 o H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III 2.14: MAGIC 17m 2 phase-ii H.E.S.S. 4 24m 1 H.E.S.S. Phase II CTA

49 1 CTA 2.15: CTA 23-28m m 6-8 GeV 5-m Location Energy range Anguler resolution Sensitivity some GeV TeV.2.2 few mcrab(e>3gev) ( 5σ) few 1mCrab(E>2GeV) (5 5σ) some GeV 1TeV.2.5 few mcrab(e>3gev) ( 5σ) few 4mCrab(E>GeV) (5 5σ) 44

50 Chapter 3 CANGAROO-III 望遠鏡 CANGAROO(Collaboration of Australia and Nippon for GAmma-Ray Observatory in the Outback) は名前の通り 天体ガンマ線観測のための日豪共同の国際協力実験であり オースト ラリア南オーストラリア州ウーメラで 解像型大気チェレンコフ望遠鏡を用いて 南天の観測を 行っている CANGAROO-III は口径 m の望遠鏡 4 台による観測を行い 4GeV 以上に 感度を持つ 27 年現在 CANGAROO プロジェクトは第三段階にある (CANGAROO-III) CANGAROO 実験は 1995 年に口径 3.8 m の鏡と 25 本の光電子増倍管からなるカメラを持つ望 遠鏡 1 台による観測から始まった (CANGAROO-I) 1999 年に口径 7 m の鏡と 3. 度の視野を 持つカメラからなる望遠鏡 1 号機が完成した (CANGAROO-II) 反射鏡は 一年後に口径 m まで拡張されいくつかの系内の天体からのガンマ線を発見した 22 年から 24 年にかけてさ らに 3 台の望遠鏡に改良を加えながら建設し 望遠鏡 2 号機 (以下 T2) 3 号機 (同 T3) 4 号機 (T4) がそれぞれ 22 年 12 月 23 年 7 月 24 年 3 月に観測を開始した 現在 観測では 1 号機は用いられておらず T2 T3 T4 の 3 台で観測が行われている この章では CANGAROO-III 望遠鏡の構成とハードウェア関係を説明する 図 3.1: CANGAROO 観測サイトの位置 図 3.2: (左)CANGAROO-I と (右)CANGAROO-II 望遠鏡 45

51 Section 3.1 CANGAROO-III m 114 8m 427 1µsec GPS PC Ethernet PC msec PC PC OS KURT 1 3.3: CANGAROO 4 Section 3.2 m CANGAROO-III 8cm ( 3.4) GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic) 5kg GFRP 6-8% FWHM.2 46

52 ( 3.5) [41] 3.4: ( )GFRP ( ) 8cm 5kg ( ) 3.5: CCD 4 X radial Lorentzian Section ns 47

53 2. シャワーからのチェレンコフ光の広がりは 1 度以内に収まる 3. チェレンコフ光のスペクトルは 青から紫外にピークを持つのに対し バックグラウンドと なる夜光はそれより長い波長領域にピークを持つ チェレンコフ望遠鏡のカメラに要求されるのは 広い視野 ( 4 度) 小さなピクセルサイズ (.1 度) 早い応答 ( ナノ秒) そして光子に対する高いゲインである 広い視野は広がった天体の観 測 及びサーベイに必要であり 小さなピクセルサイズは シャワーの詳細な発達の様子を捉える ために必要である そして バックグラウンドである夜光の影響を少なくするために 早い応答 時間が必要となる これらの要求を満たすものとして 現時点で最適なのは光電子増倍管 (PMT) である CANGAROO-III で現在稼働中の最新の 3 台の望遠鏡 (T2 T3 T4) のカメラは直径 3/4 イ ンチの PMT を使用している PMT 前面のカソード面には 6 角形のライトガイドが取り付けら れ それを六方最密構造になるように 427 本敷き詰めている (図 3.6 図 3.7) 視野は 4. 度 ピ クセルサイズは.168 度である 重量は全体で 12kg であり サイズは 8cm ϕ cm である この重量は カメラを支えるステイが歪まない為の重量制限を越えないように設計されている 図 3.6: (左)CANGAROO-III のカメラの前面部 (右) 横から見たカメラの構造 図 3.7: (左) 浜松ホトニクス R3479 (右) ライトガイド 左の四角形のものは T1 用 48

54 PMT R3479 3/4 PMT UV 3.8 PMT PMT (Maxim MAX47) 28m PMT PMT 1% 2 p.e. 25p.e. % 3 p.e..94 ns 19mm 15mm (short) 185mm (logn) 65mm (perk) 42mm quantum efficiency (%) UV wave length (nm) 3.8: ( ) R3479 ( )R3479 CAEN SY527,A392 PMT CAENET VME CAEN V288 PC Section DAQ CANGAROO-III Data Acquision System(DAQ) m VME-9U Discriminator Scalor Module(DSM) ( 3.) DSM 1 16 ADC TDC 49

55 DSM 2 (CLC4) 4 1 ADC ( ) ADC VME9U nsec delay line delay nsec Gate 2 DSM 16 Analogue Sum(ASUM) 2 updating discriminator non-updating discriminator 2 discriminator VME updating discriminator TDC TDC VME-6U AMT-VME( ) nsec leading edge trailing edge non-updating discriminator PMT 12 bit 16 non-updating discriminator PMT Logic Sum(LSUM) HV unit PMTs X 427ch Weather monitor Cloud monitor RS232C Telescope position Target position Analog line 28m VME bus DSM(x432ch) HV controller PCI-VME bridge Base Ethernet line Data flow linux PC1 for Monitor data VME bus PatternTrigger Module TDC (x432ch) ADC (x432ch) Scaler GPS Interrupt Register Pentium III CPU board PC2 for telescope control HUB HUB Central electronics hut linux PC3 for diskless server, data storage linux PC4 for Quick analysis, NTP server 3.9: Data Acquision System(DAQ) 5

56 camera inverter fast shaping amplifier external trigger updating discriminator threshold set VME bus One-shot (us~1ms) non-updating discriminator threshold set VME bus (ECL) Scaler Enable/ Disable VME bus (LVTTL) X16 X16 X16 Charge- ADC TDC VMEbus Patterntriggermodule LSUM ASUM 3.: Discriminator Scalor Module(DSM) : PMT GeV CANGAROO-III PMT nsec 8 p.e./pmt DC Jelly 2-3p.e. CANGAROO ASUM LSUM DSM LSUM non-updating discriminator(caen v895) 1 LSUM 1 DSM PMT discriminator 1 PMT NHIT LSUM 5 6 p.e. NHIT PMT 4 ASUM DSM ASUM DSM PMT DSM 27 DSM NBOX ADC nsec TDC GPS CPU DAQ

57 3.11: Lsum (NSB) LSUM ASUM Discriminator Discriminator Discriminator GPS receiver 1pps out PMT Trigger DAQ Trigger 3.12: 3.13: CANGAROO-III ( 3.14) 52

58 1 2 3m ( 2.13) m CANGAROO-III Night sky background log(trigger rate(hz)) Stereo trigger system hardware threshold Muon event Local trigger system hardware threshold Hadron and gamma rays Hardware threshold 3.14: ( 3.15) 6.p.e p.e. 3 (3.16) 3.15: ( ) arclength/size ( )arclength/size.3deg/p.e. 53

59 3.16: NHIT=3 4 ( ) 2 3 LSUM nsec ( 5 nsec) 3 2 ( any2 ) ( ) CPU VETO 5 sec 3.17: 54

60 local trigger event number global trigger local trigger VETO gate & fan out ADC gate TDC stop GPS time Digital to Optical delay NAND ADC clear VETO clear Optical to Data event number AND 16/32 bit VME Optical to Digital latch TDC trigger interrupt 3.18: 3.19: CANGAROO-III ADC TDC CAN- GAROO LED 2 55

61 ADC ADC LED PMT LED ( 3.2) LED PMT PMT PMT LED 2 nsec 14Hz PMT 5 p.e. DAQ LED ADC ADC channel LED PMT σ p.e. µ p.e. = µ p.e. = µp.e. µ p.e. = σ ADC µ ADC (3.1) ( µadc σ ADC ) 2 (3.2) σ ADC µ ADC ADC channel σ p.e. µ p.e. 95±5 [ADC channel/p.e.] 3.2: ADC LED [42] TDC TDC LED nsec 1 nsec PMT discriminator TDC 56

62 ( 3.21) LED LED 1 3 p.e. LED LED PMT ADC TDC PMT PMT TDC 2 = a log(adc pedestal) + b (3.3) 3.22( ) TDC corrected = TDC raw a log(adc pedestal) + b (3.4) TDC 3.22( ) 3.21: TDC Raw TDC distribution number of event number of events 8 h9999 Entries Mean RMS TDC hit time [nsec] Calibrated TDC 12 8 h99991 Entries Mean RMS TDC hit time [nsec] 3.22: ( ) ADC TDC 2 ( ) PMT 3nsec 57

63 Chapter 4 ( ) / Whipple H.E.S.S. σ TeV ( 4.1) / / 2 T2 ADC 2 2nsec 2 2 CANGAROO-III Fisher Discriminant Likelihood CANGAROO-III cm 2 s 1 ) 1 dn/de (TeV Whipple CAT HEGRA H.E.S.S Fit Residuals ( F/F) Energy (TeV) 4.1: ( ) / GeV [23] ( ) / TeV [24] 58

64 Section 4.1 / / T2 T3 T4 3 T1 / Wobble ON OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF (Long ON/OFF ) ON OFF OFF ON/OFF ON OFF ON OFF CANGAROO-III C ON/OFF ON OFF OFF Wobble ( 4.3) Wobble 2 ±.5 2 Offset ±.5 ON OFF Wobble Long ON/OFF 2 OFF 4.2: / CANGAROO-III 53 ( 4.2) 55 km 17 km cos( 59

65 ) 2 / livetime livetime 3fold 72.7% 2 (T2-T3 T3-T4) 84.7% 83.4% (hours) 3fold livetime(hours) T3-T4 livetime(hours) T3-T4 livetime(hours) Camera center Bg region Signal region Camera center Declination-source declination[deg] 4.3: Wobble.5 Section

66 PMT 4.4: ( ) ( ) 3 PMT ( 4.4) 5 (Threshold 5 adjacent : T5a) PMT / 3 ( 4.5).2 PMT PMT PMT CANGAROO-III 7 µsec LSUM PMT PMT ( 4.6) CANGAROO-III 4 PMT % PMT PMT FEM 61

67 4.5: ( ) / 3 ( ) HV 3 PMT HV FEMscaler/ch 3 45 scaler3 Entries Mean 23 RMS : T3 PMT PMT FEM FEM PMT PMT PMT PMT 4.7 T3 FEM PMT FEM 25 T3 95.5%(2σ) FEM %(3σ) FEM 312 T3 2σ 3σ FEM T2 T3 T4 2σ FEM σ FEM

68 25 PMT 2 3 % PMT FEMscaler 5 scaler_all3 Entries Mean 2.88 RMS : T3 PMT ADC ADC ADC 2 3 p.e. 5 p.e. TDC TDC TDC TDC ( 4.8) ( nsec) TDC 3 nsec PMT TDCstart(raw4) tdcraw4 Entries e+7 Mean RMS TDCstart(cut2_4) tdccut2_4 Entries Mean.1177 RMS : TDC ( )TDC ( )TDC TDC ( )TDC TDC T5a 63

69 ( 2 ) Hz event rate [Hz] Nov 25 2 Dec 25 event rate [Hz] elapsed time [min] elapsed time [min] 4.9: 3 PMT 3 DAQ livetime No < 6 degree T5a(Threshold 5 adjacent) FEM < 25 ADC 5p.e. TDC 3nsec 3nsec T5a > 5Hz 64

70 Section 4.3 ( ) ( 4.) 4.: 1 layer PMT ( ) 1layer PMT PMT 1 layer bright PMT 2 layer ( 4.11) bright PMT 65

71 7 6 5 Survived / Generated NO edge cut 1layer edge cut 2layer edge cut : GeV (%) ( ) 1layer ( ) 2layer ( ) 1layer Energy Resolution [%] Energy Resolution Energy[TeV] ] 2 Anguler Resolution Energy[TeV] 4.12: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1layer 4.12 µ σ ( ) = σ [%] (4.1) µ ( 4.13) 4.12( ) 68 % 4.12( ) 66

72 Event sum p.e. distribution Sum p.e. 4.13: ( 6 GeV ) bright PMT 1 layer 1 layer a ADC count d b c 4.14: bright PMT (15 ) 15 PMT (c) (d) (b) 67

73 PMT PMT ( 4.3) bright PMT bright PMT PMT (NHIT) 4.15 PMT 15 1 layer PMT 15 bright PMT 15 2 ( 4.16) ( 4.17) NHIT Ratio ; Edge Cut / no Edge Cut NHIT 4.15: PMT NHIT=15 Acceptance Acceptance [%] Energy[TeV] Acceptance Acceptance 5 Acceptance Energy[TeV] Energy[TeV] 9 Energy[TeV] Acceptance [%] Acceptance Acceptance [%] [%] 4.16: ( ) ( ) 15 ( ) 2 ( ) bright PMT 1layer 15 5 TeV 27 ( ) 16 ( ) 45 ( ) 1layer ( ) 15 ( ) 1layer TeV 68

74 2 Energy Resolution [%] Energy Resolution Energy[TeV] Angular resolution [degree ] No care 1-Layer PMTs 15 PMTs 2 PMTs Energy [TeV] 4.17: ( )britht PMT ( ) bright PMT ( ) 15 bright PMT ( ) 2 bright PMT ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) bright PMT 1layer / 15 bright PMT Section opening angle ( 4.18) x IP = x mn sinθ mn (4.2) y IP = tele=m,n tele=m,n y mn sinθ mn (4.3) (x IP, y IP ) opening angle ( 4.19) 69

75 θ23 θ31 3 θ : opening angle sine 4.19: IP-Fit (WIDTH ) WIDTH IP-Fit χ 2 χ 2 = (χ 2 W idth ) (4.4) tele=2,3,4 tele=2,3,4 χ 2 W idth χ 2 W idth = ( (p.e.)) w tele 2 (4.5) ( 4.2) WIDTH WIDTH Hillas WIDTH 7

76 major axis D ip assumed point center of gravity θ w' 2 =(Wcosθ) 2 +(Lsin 2 θ) 2 4.2: IP-Fit w 2 D ip χ 2 ( (4.4)) IP-Fit (WIDTH DISTANCE) WIDTH DISTANCE IP-Fit χ 2 χ 2 = tele=2,3,4 (χ 2 W idth + χ2 Distance) (4.6) 1 WIDTH IP-Fit 2 χ 2 Distance = WIDTH 2 ( DISTANCE f( LENGTH σ Distance WIDTH ) ) 2 (4.7) σ Distance.24 LENGTH ( ) LENGTH WIDTH 1 f = (4.8) WIDTH LENGTH.95 WIDTH 1.95 DISTANCE WIDTH LENGTH ( 4.21) WIDTH DISTANCE WIDTH DIS- TANCE (4.7) 4.22 T3-T

77 Distance DIS vs length/width Length / Width ang-resolution 68% event include(angular resolution) coefficient 4.21: DISTANCE 4.22: LENGTH/WIDTH f(l/w) / T3-T4 2 IP-Fit θ WIDTH thetasq 8 IP-FIT(WIDTH) IP-FIT(WIDTH+DISTANCE) 6 Degree weight theta square[rad] 4.23: (.17 degree 2 ) WIDTH IP-Fit (.13 degree 2 ) WIDTH DISTANCE IP-Fit (.8 degree 2 ) 68% 72

78 [25] gamma-ray (a) gamma-ray (c) camera plane (b) ground telescope-1 telescope : (a) (b) (c) 4.24 ( ) IP-Fit IPdistance D ip Distance 4.25 Distance = D ip Distance D ip Distance D ip IP-Fit (WIDTH DISTANCE) Distance D ip 4.27 IP-Fit : IPdistance IPdistance Distance 73

79 DISTANCE [deg] DISTANCE [deg] number of events 6 4 Small zenith angles Large zenith angles D IP [deg] D IP [deg] θ [deg] 4.26: ( )( ) D ip Distance D ip Distance ( ) θ 2 DISTANCE [deg] D IP [deg] : 54.7 IP-Fit (WIDTH DISTANCE) D ip Distance Distance = D ip 4.26 WIDTH DISTANCE D ip Distance WIDTH DISTANCE IP-Fit Section 4.5 (Hillas ) OFF Wobble 74

80 Geant 3 Wobble.5 / 4.28 event(per min) vs zenith 8 7 minvsze Entries 235 Mean RMS event(per min) vs zenith 3 minvsze Entries 3 Mean RMS : ( ) ( ) 6GeV 3TeV -2.59(HEGRA ) offset.5 T2 T3 T / 2 2 Section 4.6 Fisher Discriminant 75

81 Fisher-fit Fisher Discriminant Fisher Discriminant 1 X X 1 X 2 X P = ( ), (4.9) F < T2Width > < T2Length > P = < T3Width > < T3Length > < T4Width > < T4Length > (4.) F = α P (4.11) F Fisher Discriminant ( F ) α F F α α = µ signal µ BG E signal + E BG. (4.12) signal BG µ P E Error Matrix E ij E ij =< P P T > < P >< P T > OFF θ 2 < < θ 2 < α 1 F Fisher Discriminant [68] B-factory [67] Width Length 76

82 width[2] Entries Mean x Mean y.48 RMS x.77 RMS y.2467 length[2] Entries Mean x Mean y.1621 RMS x.77 RMS y.3361 width[3] Entries Mean x 5.49 Mean y.1214 RMS x.7279 RMS y.1828 length[3] Entries Mean x 5.49 Mean y.1864 RMS x.7279 RMS y.3838 width[4] Entries Mean x Mean y.1184 RMS x.7266 RMS y.1855 length[4] Entries Mean x Mean y.183 RMS x.7266 RMS y.3647 CANGAROO-III Width Length Width Length log( ) log( ) Width Length ( 4.29) Width Length : Width Length subtracted T2width sub2w Entries Mean.3886 subtracted T3width sub3w Entries Mean.2226 subtracted T4width sub4w Entries Mean RMS.1367 RMS.116 RMS subtracted T2length sub2l Entries Mean.152 subtracted T3length sub3l Entries Mean e-5 subtracted T4length sub4l Entries Mean e-5 RMS RMS.3326 RMS : Width Length Width Length α 77

83 < T2Width > 1.63 < T2Length > 2.34 α = < T3Width > < T3Length > = < T4Width > < T4Length > (4.13) α F i ( µ signal µ BG ) i α i i α T 2W idth ( µ signal µ BG ) T 2W idth.17 α T 2Length ( µ signal µ BG ) T 2Length.121 α i ( µ signal µ BG ) i = α T 3W idth ( µ signal µ BG ) T 3W idth α T 3Length ( µ signal µ BG ) =.12 T 3Length.171 α T 4W idth ( µ signal µ BG ) T 4W idth.143 α T 4Length ( µ signal µ BG ) T 4Length.35 (4.14) T4 Length Fisher Discriminant F Fisher-fit Fisher-fit Fisher-fit CANGAROO-III F F ON θ 2 OFF θ 2 F F Fisher-fit Fisher-fit ON F F F ON N F i bin n i f(x i ) = αs i + βb i = αs i + (N α)b i (4.15) n i s i n i F i bin ( 4.31) α β ON α + β = N χ 2 = i ( ni f(x i ) ni ) 2 (4.16) α dχ 2 dα = (4.17) 78

84 i (b i s i ) α = ( ) 1 N b i n i σ 2 α = i ( ( ) α 2 n i ) 2 i = n i (b i s i ) 2 (4.18) i n i ( si b i n i i ) 2 ( ) 2 αsi +(N α)b ni i ( (bi s i ) 2 ) 2 (4.19) n i F of gamma & BG F value 4.31: ( ) ( ) F 2 ON F Fisher-fit 8 6 ON BG MC gamma subtracted Fisher 4.32: Wobble.2 < θ 2 < : Fisher-fit ( ) ON ( ) ( ) ON 79

85 CANGAROO-III Wobble < θ 2 <.5 2 IP-Fit IP-Fit ON ON 4.33 / Fisher-fit θ θ 2 < % 4.33 θ 2 <.43 2 F Wobble.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 F θ 2 <.1 2 F Fisher-fit Fisher-fit θ 2 < ±64 8.2σ / θ 2 θ 2 2 (θ 2 ) radial A θ 2 A 2 bin θ 2 bin Fit / θ bin Fit ( 4.34) Wobble.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 / θ / CANGAROO-III 8

86 Entries 312 Mean RMS Entries 286 Mean RMS.7471 Entries 2646 Mean RMS.7397 Entries 2558 Mean RMS.7686 Entries 2439 Mean RMS.7275 Entries 2982 Mean RMS.718 Mean RMS.7318 Entries 2584 Mean RMS.7361 Entries 2575 Mean RMS.7661 Entries 2335 Mean RMS.7682 Entries 299 Mean RMS.7444 Mean RMS.746 Entries 2578 Mean RMS.7414 Entries 2535 Mean RMS.7547 Entries 247 Mean RMS.7488 Entries 2913 Mean RMS.7164 Entries 2689 Mean RMS.7218 Entries 263 Mean RMS.7619 Entries 2559 Mean RMS.7662 Entries 2268 Mean RMS.7678 Entries 281 Mean RMS.752 Entries 2683 Mean RMS.7791 Entries 2527 Mean RMS.7391 Entries 2416 Mean RMS.7697 Entries 2369 Mean RMS.7984 real f distribution realf[] real f distribution realf[1] real f distribution realf[2] real f distribution realf[3] real f distribution realf[4] real f distribution 7 realf[5] real f distribution 7 realf[6] Entries 2727 real f distribution 7 realf[7] Entries 2714 real f distribution 7 realf[8] real f distribution 7 realf[9] real f distribution realf[] real f distribution realf[11] real f distribution realf[12] real f distribution realf[13] real f distribution realf[14] real f distribution realf[15] real f distribution realf[16] real f distribution realf[17] real f distribution realf[18] real f distribution realf[19] real f distribution realf[2] real f distribution realf[21] real f distribution realf[22] real f distribution realf[23] real f distribution realf[24] : θ 2 bin Fisher-fit θ 2 < bin.2 2 bin F ( ) F F 1 θ

87 Excess events θ distribution θ [degree ] 4.35: / θ 2 / Fisher-fit (4.16) χ 2 χ 2 = i [(n i Nb i ) α (s i b i )] 2 n i + (N α) 2 b i N 2 BG (4.2) χ 2 α α min α χ 2 χ 2 min 2 min+1 2 min min min min 4.36: χ 2 82

88 4.36 χ 2 min χ2 min + 1 α α α χ 2 min χ 2 min α α χ 2 χ 2 α min min χ 2 α min χ 2 min θ 2 ( 4.37) / / / livetime 1 Fit result : bin Fisher Discriminant < θ 2 <.5 2 IP-Fit θ 2 < WIDTH LENGTH ((.5 2 π.2 2 π)/(.43 2 π)) WIDTH LENGTH 4.38 ON 83

89 WIDTH LENGTH 25 T2 width 25 T3 width 25 T4 width T2 length 3 T3 length 3 T4 length : Hillas WIDTH LENGTH bin bin Section 4.7 ADC (x l, x u ) ADC ( 4.4) ADC ( 4.39) E l E u S(E l, E u ) = S A(E l, E u ) (4.21) S A(E l, E u ) E l E u α 84

90 E max df de = 1 ( ) E α (4.22) E max E max N tot Emax NMC tot = S T obs E min = S T obs 1 1 α MC df de (4.23) de { ( ) } 1 α Emin 1 (4.24) E max ADC (x l x u ) N MC N MC = N tot MC A (x l, x u ) (4.25) A (x l, x u ) ADC (x l x u ) (4.25) (4.24) (4.21) S A (x l, x u ) { N MC = T obs 1 ( ) } 1 α Emin 1 S A (x l, x u ) (4.26) 1 α E max Ē(x l, x u ) S A (x l, x u ) ADC (x l x u ) N signal Ē(x l, x u ) df de (x l, x u ) = N signal N MC = { df de } N signal Ē(x l,x u ) S A (x l, x u ) T obs (4.27) 1 α (E 1 α max E 1 α min )Ē α (x l, x u ) (4.28) MC energy mcenergy Entries 2 MC energy mcenergy Entries 2 MC energy mcenergy Entries 2 MC energy mcenergy Entries 2 number of accepted events Mean 146 RMS 1855 number of accepted events Mean 146 RMS 1855 number of accepted events Mean 146 RMS 1855 number of accepted events Mean 146 RMS Energy [TeV] Energy [TeV] Energy [TeV] Energy [TeV] MC energy mcenergy Entries 2 MC energy mcenergy Entries 2 MC energy mcenergy Entries 2 number of accepted events Mean 146 RMS 1855 number of accepted events Mean 146 RMS 1855 number of accepted events Mean 146 RMS Energy [TeV] Energy [TeV] Energy [TeV] 4.39: ADC ADC <ADC < <ADC <16 16<ADC <2 2<ADC <25 25<ADC < <ADC <4 4<ADC <8 85

91 Fit result FD distribution ON BG MC gamma subtracted Fit result FD distribution Fit result FD distribution ON BG MC gamma subtracted ON BG MC gamma subtracted Fit result FD distribution Fit result FD distribution ON BG MC gamma subtracted ON BG MC gamma subtracted Fit result FD distribution Fit result FD distribution ON BG MC gamma subtracted ON BG MC gamma subtracted : ADC bin θ 2 <ADC < <ADC <16 16<ADC <2 2<ADC <25 25<ADC < <ADC <4 4<ADC <8 ADC bin ( 3 ) ( 4.41( )) θ 2 <.43 2 E median E median ADC ADC ( ) E(Size) *Size (TeV) E median ADC E median = 4.4TeV E median ADC ADC median bin ADC median E median bin ADC E median ADC 4.41( ) ADC 1 86

92 number of accepted events MC energy size-energy energy [TeV] Energy [TeV] size [p.e.] 4.41: ( ) / 4.4 TeV ( ) ADC / 4.42 HEGRA differential flux differential flux [photons/cm2/s/tev] HEGRA MAGIC H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III energy [TeV] 4.42: / HEGRA / CANGAROO-III 87

93 Section Wobble OFF 2 ON/OFF ON OFF Method 1 OFF 2 θ 2 <.5 2 OFF.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 F F OFF OFF ( 4.43( )) F F Fisher-fit Method 2 OFF 2 θ 2 <.5 2 OFF.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 F F Method1.2 < θ 2 <.4 2 θ 2 <.2 2 ( 4.43( )) F F Fisher-fit θ 2 < =.4 2 =.2 2 =.2 OFF 4.43: OFF ( )Method 1 ( )Method bin 88

94 4.44( ) CANGAROO-III 3 bin 4.44( ) / Method ( ) Method ( ) / Declination (J2, deg) Declination (J2, deg) Right Ascension (J2, deg) Right Ascension (J2, deg) Declination (J2, deg) Declination (J2, deg) PSF 21. PSF Right Ascension (J2, deg) Right Ascension (J2, deg) 4.44: / ( )Method 1 ( )Method 2 Wobble ( 4.45) OFF OFF Method 2 OFF OFF θ 2 <.2 2 Method 1 Method 2 / Method2 RX J

95 Target OFF 4.45: Method 1 OFF Section S/N 1 CANGAROO-III 3 DAQ PMT 3 2 T2 T3 T4 T2 T3 T / T2-T3 T3-T θ 2 T2-T T3-T4.8 2 T2-T E median 3 T2-T3 T3-T TeV T2-T3 T3-T4 T T2-T3 2 9

96 T2 3 ( ) number of accepted events MC energy fold mcenergy Entries 2 Mean 1462 RMS fold T2-T3 2fold T3-T Energy [GeV] 4.46: T2-T3 783±92 8.5σ T3-T4 1169±112.4σ ( 4.47) Fit result FD distribution ON BG MC gamma subtracted Fit result FD distribution ON BG MC gamma subtracted : CANGAROO-III 2 ( ) 2 3 ( )T2-T3 ( )T3-T

97 3 2 / T ( 2 ) E median (TeV) 2fold T2-T fold T3-T fold : / 3 2 T2-T3 T3-T differential flux differential flux [photons/cm2/s/tev] HEGRA dummy Entries H.E.S.S. Mean RMS CANGAROO-III 3fold CANGAROO-III T2-T3 CANGAROO-III T3-T4-15 energy [TeV] 4.48: / CANGAROO-III T2-T3 T3-T

98 Declination (J2, deg) Declination (J2, deg) PSF 21. PSF Right Ascension (J2, deg) Right Ascension (J2, deg) 4.49: 2 / ( ) T2-T3 ( ) T3-T

99 Chapter 5 CANGAROO-III 26 Section 5.1 CANGAROO-III % ( 3.15) D D = Size[p.e.] arclength[deg] (5.1) D D 8 5.1(a) 5.1(a) 25 T2 T2 ADC 2 2nsec ADC 2 2 T2 25 DAQ ADC T ( [26][27] ) D 3.15 (x center y center ) 94

100 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 = i 4 ADC i[p.e.] ((x i x center ) 2 + (y i y center ) 2 ) Size[p.e.] P IXELSIZE 2 (5.2) x i y i ADC i [p.e] PMT i x ADC (photo electron) Size PIXELSIZE (photo electron) χ 2 (x center y center ) r = i ADC i [p.e.] ((x i x center ) 2 + (y i y center ) 2 ) ADC i [p.e.] (5.3) T2 arclength[deg] 2.5 Size[p.e.]/arclength[deg] 1/r r χ 2 5.1(b) 24 May χ [27] 24 May χ June 4 χ 2 1 D May χ 2 1 T2 27 April (a) χ T2 25 χ 2 27 T2 25 χ 2 T3 T4 95

101 Muon factor T2 muon factor year Mirror cleaning T2 missing (a) May 25 June 26 May 27 April T2 T3 T4 counts (b) : (a) 25 T2 T2 25 T (b) T2 χ 2 Meanof 2 T Mirror cleaning T T year 5.2: χ 2 96

102 Section / FEM 45 % T2 5.3: [28] Section 5.3 PMT 97

103 T2 T3 T HESS J MSH CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III 3GeV 2TeV offset TeV RX J bright PMT / θ % θ T2-T3 T3-T4 ( ) T2-T4 T2-T3 T3-T4 Photon Index foldT2T3 2foldT3T4.12 3fold.1 Photon Index foldT2T3 2foldT3T4.12 3fold.1 Photon Index foldT2T3 2foldT3T4.12 3fold zenith[degree] zenith[degree] zenith[degree] 5.4: ( ) 2.1 ( ) 2.4 ( ) T2-T3 2 T3-T4 2 θ 2 98

104 angular_resolution 3fold Photon Index 2.1 3fold Photon Index 2.4 3fold Photon Index zenith[degree] 5.5: θ 2 ( 5.6) ( 5.7) IP-Fit Zenith 5 Zenith 2 Zenith 4 1 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold 1 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold 1 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold Energy [TeV] 1 Energy [TeV] -2 1 Energy [TeV] 5.6: ( ) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 4 3 T2-T3 2 T3-T4 2 θ 2 99

105 1 angular_resolution Zenith 4 Zenith 2 Zenith Energy [TeV] 5.7: θ θ Energy resolution [%] Zenith foldT2T foldT3T4 3fold Energy resolution [%] Zenith foldT2T foldT3T4 3fold Energy resolution [%] Zenith 4 7 2foldT2T foldT3T4 3fold Energy [TeV] 1 Energy [TeV] 1 Energy [TeV] 5.8: ( ) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 4 3 T2-T3 2 T3-T T3-T4 T2-T3 T2-T3 T3-T4

106 T3-T4 T2-T3 T2-T3 PMT T3-T4 T2-T3 T2-T3 5.9 T3 T4 T2 PMT 4 NHIT T2 3 4 NHIT T3 3 4 NHIT T : 5 5TeV PMT 15 bright PMT % 4 5GeV Energy resolution [%] Energy Resolution 3fold Zenith 4 3fold Zenith 2 3fold Zenith Energy [TeV] 5.:

107 5.3.3 / E median E median ADC median bin 5.11 T3-T4 T2-T3 T2-T Energy_threshold [TeV] Photon Index 2.1 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold Energy_threshold [TeV] Photon Index 2.4 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold Energy_threshold [TeV] Photon Index 2.9 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold zenith [degreee] zenith [degreee] zenith [degreee] 5.11: ( ) 2.1 ( ) 2.4 ( ) T2-T3 2 T3-T4 2 Energy threshold Energy_threshold [TeV] photon index 2.1 photon index 2.4 photon index zenith [degreee] 5.12:

108 xaxis Entries 37 Mean RMS.8682 yaxis Entries 37 Mean RMS Long ON/OFF bin 8 bin X Y X Y Y X Y 5.14 θ 2 θ 2 = 1 T3-T4 1 6% T2-T3 3 5% 1.5 map 7 map smooth x slice y slice : 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) X= X ( ) Y= Y 3

109 acceptance Long ON/OFF 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold theta square [degree^2] 5.14: θ 2 T2-T3 T3-T Wobble Wobble Wobble 5.15 ±.5 Wobble 2 ± ( 5.15( ) (x,y)=(,) ) θ Long ON/OFF 5.17 Wobble Y Long ON/OFF CANGAROO-III OFF Wobble θ =.7 Wobble Map smooth UP 6 Map smooth DOWN 6 Map smooth Wobble : ( ) Wobble.5 ( ) Wobble.5 ( )Wobble.5 4

110 acceptance Wobble 2foldT2T3 2foldT3T4 3fold theta square [degree^2] 5.16: Wobble ±.5 θ 2 x slice 45 Wobble 4 Long ON/OFF y slice Wobble Long ON/OFF : Wobble Long ON/OFF X Y. bin ( ) X= X ( ) Y= Y CANGAROO-III MSH15-52 [29] CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. 5 CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III 5 ( (4.26) ) 5

111 -9 ] -1 s -1 TeV differential flux [ph cm CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S energy [TeV] 5.18: MSH15-52 CANGAROO-III 26 [29] GeV 2TeV 5 36 GeV GeV 3GeV 26 1layer Effective Area 8 Effective Area muon factor 1. muon factor ~ Energy [TeV] 5.19:

112 rmax rmax 5.21 PMT layer PMT rmax PMT rmax 1 layer CANGAROO-III 4 1 PMT.17 1 layer rmax 1.75 rmax 1.75 CANGAROO-III 1layer ( CANGAROO-III 6 PMT ) H.E.S.S. 5 H.E.S.S. 1 layer rmax : ( ) PMT 427 CANGAROO-III 4 ( ) PMT

113 rmax 5.21: rmax PMT R 2.4 5GeV 3TeV Effective Area 11 Effective Area Wide FOV no cut Wide FOV rmax 3. Wide FOV rmax 2.25 Wide FOV rmax 2.5 Wide FOV rmax 2. Wide FOV rmax Energy [TeV] 5.22: rmax 1laeyr CANGAROO-III rmax

114 Chapter 6 RX J T2 T2 T2 3 T3 T ( 6.1) / 3 2 / 25 TDC RX J ( 6.1) RX J H.E.S.S. [3][31] (E 1T ev ) / 66% TDC 2 25 RX J T3-T4 2 May 25 June July Aug PSR RX J Galactic Center PKS H W44 6.1: 25 9

115 Section T2 25 T T T2 T Time valiation of the muon factor :: Telescope days from 1/1/24 6.2: T ADC DAQ DAQ T2 ADC 2 2nsec nsec 2 3 p.e. 4.7p.e. ADC 2 4 6p.e. 6.3 T3/T2 T4/T2 T 2 T 3 T T2 ADC 2 T2 ADC PMT 1

116 T T ADC 2 T2 6.3: T2 ADC 2 2 nsec [28] ADC(cut2_2) : ( ) PMT ( )T2.4 T2 2 2 T2 T3-T4 T2 T2 111

117 T2 DAQ T3-T4 Section 6.2 RX J RX J CANGAROO-III T2 T3 T T1 / (25 5 ) 7 15 (27 7 ) ( 6.1) 5 7 total (hours) X Wobble ( 6.5( )) 48.9 T2 Right ascension(deg) declination(deg) CANGAROO-III (X ) H.E.S.S. ( ) : ( ) RX J CANGAROO-III X ±.5 Wobble CANGAROO-III 1 ROSAT X H.E.S.S. ( ) CANGAROO-III 5 112

118 H.E.S.S. H.E.S.S. 3GeV 2TeV -2.1 offset.5 T2 T3 T T2 T3 T event(per min) vs zenith 4 minvsze Entries 2924 Mean RMS event(per min) vs zenith 3 5 minvsze Entries 418 Mean 17.2 RMS : ( ) ( ) Section 6.3 TDC 25 TDC PMT TDC PMT ch 1 TDC PMT TDC TDC 32ch TDC 2 1 TDC 113

119 2 TDC 1 16 TDC TDC : PMT TDC TDC TDC 1 1 TDC RX J (c55165 d55165.cdb.gz) TDC #A ( A 1 P MT Hz T DC ) = (1 #A T DC ) ( P MT ) (6 ) (6.1) Hit(sephitnm418:PMT) sephitnm418 Entries 1277 Mean RMS 3.33 Hit(sephitnm419:PMT) sephitnm419 Entries 1277 Mean RMS : T4 2 TDC ( ) ( )TDC #19 ( )TDC # TDC 1 #19 PMT PMT 1 Hz 114

120 1 Hz TDC TDC livetime TDC TDC TDC livetime 5% TDC Section 6.4 RX J H.E.S.S ON/OFF Wobble X Wobble.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 H.E.S.S. TeV ( 6.9)[3] H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III Wobble 2.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 H.E.S.S..2 < θ 2 < % H.E.S.S..2 < θ 2 <.5 2 ( ) CANGAROO-III X θ 2 H.E.S.S. RX J /.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 ( Right ascension declination)=( ) θ =.65 CANGAROO-III 5% new BG normal BG F α 115

121 6.9: CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. θ =.65 TeV new BG / θ ±6 11.3σ 1169±8.4σ 48.8% / RX J / 48.8% Fit result CANGAROO-III T3-T4 normal BG CANGAROO-III T3-T4 new BG FD distribution ON BG MC gamma subtracted : ( )normal BG new BG T3-T4 2 / θ 2 ( )new BG Fisher-fit 116

122 Declination (J2, deg) PSF differential flux [photons/cm2/s/tev] differential flux HEGRA H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III 3fold CANGAROO-III T3-T4 normal BG CANGAROO-III T3-T4 new BG Right Ascension (J2, deg) energy [TeV] 6.11: ( )new BG ( )normal BG new BG T3-T4 2 / new BG BG H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III (48.8%) X RX J < θ 2 <.8 2 H.E.S.S. X.5 H.E.S.S. θ=.65 θ 2 θ 2 =.4225 CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S < θ 2 <.5 2 CANGAROO-III 117

123 6.12: X RX J H.E.S.S..5 < θ 2 <.8 2 ( ) 2 (ADC TDC ) / / 15 bright PMT Section 6.5 θ σ IP-Fit g2 g2 g : σ.3.5 IP-Fit 118

124 .2 θ 2 bin θ 2 X θ 2 < ± σ Fit result FD distribution 4 3 Point Like Wide.1 Wide.2 Wide ON BG MC gamma subtracted : ( )new BG T3-T4 2 RX J θ 2 ( )new BG Fisher-fit H.E.S.S. fits [4] H.E.S.S. H.E.S.S. fits H.E.S.S..65 % θ % fits 6.15( ) % H.E.S.S. θ <.65 RX J π CANGAROO-III θ 2 H.E.S.S. θ ( ) θ 2 1 bin H.E.S.S. bin.2 < θ 2 <.5 2 θ 2 <.2 2 θ 2 < ( ) CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. 119

125 Area Fit result % flux [H.E.S.S.unit] H.E.S.S. (smoothed) CANGAROO-III T3-T theta [degree] : H.E.S.S..65 % CANGAROO θ % ( )CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. θ 2 H.E.S.S θ 2 <.2 2 H.E.S.S. 5% H.E.S.S. 5% CANGAROO-III X θ 2 <.2 2 CANGAROO- III RX J CANGAROO-III θ 2 < ( ) E 2.26±.37 (1.45 ±.29) 11 photons cm 2 sec 1 TeV 1 (6.2) 1 TeV H.E.S.S. RX J ( ) E 2.26±.2 (1.71 ±.5) 11 photons cm 2 sec 1 TeV 1 (6.3) 1 TeV [3] CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. 5% CANGAROO-III 6GeV 3TeV H.E.S.S. ( ) E 1.89±.6 (2.5 ±.8) 11 photons cm 2 sec 1 TeV 1 (6.4) 1 TeV CANGAROO-III θ 2 <.2 2 H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. 12

126 -39d s -1 ) -4d cm Flux(> 1 TeV) ( h15m 17hm Photon index Γ 6.16: H.E.S.S. 1 TeV [3] differential flux -8 Crab (HEGRA) differential flux [photons/cm2/s/tev] H.E.S.S. 5% H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III T3-T4 new BG energy [TeV] 6.17: H.E.S.S. 5% mean E(TeV) flux(photon/cm 2 /s/t ev ) (σ) ADC (p.e.) ± σ ± σ ± σ ± σ ± σ ± σ ± σ : CANGAROO-III RX J X θ 2 <

127 CANGAROO-III RX J TeV H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III θ <.5 new BG θ >.5.2 < θ 2 < Declination (J2, deg) PSF Right Ascension (J2, deg) 6.18: RX J CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S..65 H.E.S.S. Section 6.6 H.E.S.S. θ =.65 WIDTH LENGTH 6.19 ON θ =.65 OFF.5 < θ 2 <

128 T3 14 width 16 T4 14 width T3 length T4 length : 4.38 θ θ =.65 38± σ 1874±16 H.E.S.S. 5% CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. θ 2 radial H.E.S.S Events/arcmin 2 H.E.S.S..5 CANGAROO-III radial H.E.S.S. Fit result FD distribution Point Like Wide.3 Wide.4 Wide ON BG MC gamma subtracted : ( )T3-T4 2 RX J θ 2 ( ) Fisher-fit 123

129 Fit result Events/arcmin^ CANGAROO-III T3-T4 data r [degree] 6.21: ( )H.E.S.S. Toy model RX J kpc 5.5pc pc ( )H.E.S.S. radial Toy model radial [3]( )CANGAROO-III radial 6.22 H.E.S.S. CANGAROO- III T3-T4 2 H.E.S.S. 2.34±.28 stat H.E.S.S. differential flux differential flux [photons/cm2/s/tev] CANGAROO-II H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III T3-T energy [TeV] 6.22: H.E.S.S. T3-T4 2 H.E.S.S. CANGAROO-III T3-T4 2 T3-T4 2 12p.e. 12p.e. 1TeV 12p.e. θ 2 =.32 θ.18 12p.e

130 1/3 RX J OFF.5 < θ 2 <.8 2 F F 6.23( ) ( 6.23( )) 6.23( ) 6.24 CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. CANGAROO TeV H.E.S.S. map map smooth map hosei : ( ) OFF.5 < θ 2 <.8 2 bin 1 bin.5 ( ) MC ( ) Declination (J2, deg) Declination (J2, deg) PSF -4.2 PSF Right Ascension (J2, deg) Right Ascension (J2, deg) 6.24: ( ) ( ) CANGAROO-III H.E.S.S. CANGAROO 125

131 Section 6.7 RX J new BG 48.8% / CANGAROO-III CANGAROO-III θ 2 < ± σ H.E.S.S. 5% CANGAROO-III θ 2 <.2 2 H.E.S.S. 5% H.E.S.S..5 < θ 2 <.8 2 θ ± σ CANGAROO-III 2 H.E.S.S. radial.3 1kpc 5pc H.E.S.S. H.E.S.S. H.E.S.S. RX J CANGAROO-III T3-T4 2 H.E.S.S. 2 / T3-T

132 Chapter RX J ( 6.1) Section (25 6 ) (25 7 ) (25 8 ) ( 6.1) 13 RX J TeV T2 RX J T3-T4 2 livetime h 16min 13h 18min 18h 52min 55h 26min Livetime 18h 34min 11h min 18h 58min 48h 42min 7.1: 2 livetime TDC livetime 88% Section T3-T4 T2 T3 T

133 5GeV 3TeV -2.2(Aharonian et al) 3 7 CANGAROO-III 7.2( ) / ( 4.38) (ADC TDC ) / event(per min) vs zenith minvsze Entries 344 Mean RMS event(per min) vs zenith 3 minvsze Entries Mean 13.4 RMS : ( ) 1 ( ) event(per min) vs azimuth minvsaz Entries 344 Mean RMS event(per min) vs azimuth 3 minvsaz Entries Mean RMS : ( ) 1 ( ) 128

134 T3 2 width 25 T4 width T3 length 2 T4 length : 4.38 / PMT / 25 PMT / 1layer FEMscaler/ch 3 12 scaler3 Entries Mean 228 RMS : / 3 θ ± σ ( 7.5) 7.6 F ON-OFF F 129