１　シミュレーションとは何か？

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1 P.1/16 (, 1997) (Shannon, 1975) target entity modeling (consequences) (implications) (physical models)(symbolic models) cf., 1977 SIMSOC (Ostrom, 1988) verbal models, 1973

2 P.2/16 (Taber & Timpone, 1996) (e.g., Payne, 1982) (e.g., Nowak, May, & Sigmund, 1995) Linville, Fischer, & Salovey (1989) (in-groups) (out-groups) stereotype-driven Linville (familiarity)

3 P.3/16 Linville Linville (Bell)(Skew) (Bimodal) PLearn PLearn PForget = 0.1 Ci(probe) PRetrieve=0.75 PRetrieve=0.95 Linville Martell, Lane, & Emrich (1996)

4 P.4/16 Martell Martell 0.15 Martell Martrell

5 P.5/16 (thought experiment) Stasser(1988) (sensitivity analysis)

6 P.6/16 (modular programming) if...then e.g., Smith, 1988 garbage in, garbage out

7 P.7/16 Distributed Artificial Intelligence DAI (Doran, 1996) DAI (e.g.,, 2003) (Stasser, 1988) (ALife)(Langton, 1989)(ecosystems) (, 1998; Taylor & Jefferson, 1995) (artificial societies) (Epstein, & Axtell, 1996; Gilbert, & Conte, 1995) DAI (agent-based models) (multi-agent simulation) (emergence)(gilbert, 1996) (fitness) reproduction

8 P.8/16 (differential reproduction) (mutation)(cross-over) (McLeod, Plunkett, & Rolls, 1998) (back propagation) (Nowak, Vallacher, & Burnstein, 1998)

9 P.9/16 1 Linville, Fischer, & Salovey (1989) Smith(1991) (illusory correlation) Hamilton (McConnell, Sherman, & Hamilton, 1994) Smith(1988) Hastie (1988) on-line incongruent Smith, & DeCoster (1998) (PDP) (Read & Marcus-Newhall, 1993) (Shultz & Lepper, 1996) (self)(nowak, Vallacher, Tesser, & Borkowski, 2000) 1 Hastie & Stasser(2000) The Journal of Artificial and Social Simulation American Behavioral Scientist (1999, 42)

10 P.10/16 Nowak, Szamrei, & Latané(1990) Dynamic Social Impact Theory (DSIT) (Latané, 1996; Nowak & Latané, 1994) DSIT social impact (Latané, 1981) (1) (2) Consolidation (3), 2003(e.g., Latané, & L'Herrou, 1996) (1992) Yamori (1998) Molnár (1996) Stasser & Taylor (1991) floor Stasser (1988) cf. Larson, 1997 (1999a) (Wheel ) Flache(1996) (approval)

11 P.11/16 ( ) (matching)kalick & Hamilton (1986) (Aron, 1988; Kalick & Hamilton, 1988) (1992b) (Newcomb,1961) (,1992a) (social simulation), 1998, 1999b, 1999(, 2002) (, 1996)

12 P.12/16,2003 (communal societies) (Takagi, 1996) (Takagi, 1999)

13 P.13/16 Axelrod (Axelrod, 1997) Aron, A. (1988) The matching hypothesis reconsidered again: Comment on Kalick and Hamilton. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, Axelrod, R. (1997) The Complexity of Cooperation. Princeton. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Doran, J., 1996, Simulating societies using distributed artificial intelligence. In K.G. Troitzsch, U. Mueller, G.N. Gilbert, & J.E. Doran (Eds.) Social Science Microsimulation. Berlin: Springer.See Troitzsch, Pp Epstein, J.M. & Axtell, R. (1996) Growing Artificial Societies. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Flache, A. (1996) The Double Edge of Networks. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. Gilbert, G.N. (1996) Holism, individualism and emergent properties. In R. Hegselmann, U. Mueller, & K.G. Troitzsch (Eds.) Modelling and Simulation in t he Social Sciences from the Philosophy of Science Point of View. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Pp Gilbert, G.N. & Conte, R., (Eds.) (1995) Artificial Societies. London: UCL Press. Hastie, R. (1988) A computer-simulation model of person memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, Hastie, R. & Stasser, G. (2000) Computer Simulation Methods for Social Psychology. In H. T. Reis (Ed.) Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. Boston: Cambridge Univ Press, (1999) ( ) (1997) (1998) Kalick, S.M. & Hamilton III, T.E. (1986) The matching hypothesis reexamined. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, Kalick, S.M. & Hamilton III, T.E. (1988) Closer look at a matching simulation: Reply to Aron. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1973) Langton, C.G. (1989) Artificial life. In C.G. Langton (Ed.), Artificial Life. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, Pp Larson, J.R., Jr. (1997) Modeling the entry of shared and unshared information into group discussion. Small Group Research, 28, Latané, B.(1981) The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist 36, Latané, B.(1996) Dynamic social impact. In R. Hegselmann, U. Mueller, & K.G. Troitzsch

14 P.14/16 (Eds.) Modelling and Simulation in the Social Sciences from the Philosophy of Science Point of View. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Pp Latané, B. & L'Herrou, T. (1996) Spatial clustering in the conformity game: Dynamic social impact in electronic groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, Linville, P.W., Fischer, G.W., & Salovey, P. (1989) Perceived distributions of characteristics of in-group and out-group members: Empirical evidence and a computer simulation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, Martell, R.F., Lane, D.M., & Emrich, C. (1996) Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist, 51, McConnell, A.R., Sherman, S.J., Hamilton, D.L. (1994) Illusory correlation in the perception of Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, McLeod, P., Plunkett, K., & Rolls, E.T. (1998) Introduction t o Connectionist Modelling of Cognitive Processes. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Molnár, P. (1996) A microsimulation tool for social force models. In K.G. Troitzsch, U. Mueller, G.N. Gilbert, & J.E. Doran (Eds.) Social Science Microsimulation. Berlin: Springer.See Troitzsch, Pp (2003) DSIT 13(2), (1977) Newcomb, T.M. (1961) The acquaintance process. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Nowak, A. & Latané, B. (1994) Simulating the emergence of social order from individual behaviour. In G.N. Gilbert, & J. Doran (Eds.) Simulating Societies. London: UCL Press, Pp Nowak, A., Szamrei, J. & Latané, B. (1990) From private attitude to public opinion. Psychological Review, 97, Nowak, A., Vallacher, R.R., & Burnstein, E. (1998) Computational social psychology: A neural network approach to interpersonal dynamics. In Liebrand, W.B.G., A. Nowak, & Hegselmann (Eds.) Computer Modeling of Social Processes. London: Sage, Pp Nowak, A., Vallacher, R.R., Tesser, A. & Borkowski, W. (2000) Society of self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure. Psychological Review, 107, 1, Nowak, M., May, R.M. & Sigmund, K. (1995) The arithmetics of mutual help. Scientific American, June, Ostrom, T.M. (1988) Computer simulation: The third symbol system. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, Payne, J.A. (1982) Introduction to Simulation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Read, S.J., Marcus-Newhall, A. (1993) Explanatory coherence in social explanations: A parallel distributed processing account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, Shannon, R.E. (1975) System Simulation: The Art and Science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

15 P.15/16 Shultz, T.R. & Lepper, M.R. (1996) Cognitive dissonance reduction as constraint satisfaction. Psychological Review, 103, 2, Smith, E.R. (1988) Category accessibility effects in a simulated exemplar-based memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, Smith, E.R. (1991) Illusory correlation in a simulated exemplar-based memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, Smith, E.R. & DeCoster, J. (1998) Knowledge acquisition, accessibility, and use in person perception and stereotyping: Simulation with a recurrent connectionist network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, Stasser, G. (1988) Computer simulation as a research tool. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, Stasser, G. & Taylor, L.A. (1991) Speaking turns in face-to-face discussions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, (2003), 13(1), Taber, C.S. & Timpone, R.J. (1996) Computational Modeling. Thousand Oaks: Sage. (1992a) Newcomb (1992b) Takagi, E. (1996) The generalized exchange perspective on the evolution of altruism. In W.B.G. Liebrand & D.M. Messick (Eds.), Frontiers in Social Dilemmas Research. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Pp (1998)., 43(7), (1999a). 14(3), (1999b) Takagi, E. (1999) Solving social dilemmas is easy in a communal society. In M. Foddy, M. Smithson, M. Hogg & S. Schneider (Eds.) Resolving Social Dilemmas. NY: Psychology Press, Pp (2003) 13(2), (1996)., 36, (2002) Taylor, C. & Jefferson, D. (1995) Artificial life as a tool for biological inquiry. In C.G. Langton (Ed.), Artificial Life: An Overview. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, Pp Yamori, K. (1998) Going with the flow: Micro-macro dymanics in the macrobehavioral patterns of pedestrian crowds, Psychological Review, 105,

16 P.16/16 (1992)., 32,

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$101†^›ªŒ{‘~”q.pwd$ Organizational Behavior and Human Processes Fournal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Scientific American Psychological Review The chrysanthemum and the sword The attraction paradigm. Journal of Experimental

１ シミュレーションとは何か？

１　シミュレーションとは何か？