音声に対する敏感さと英語学習総合能力との関係
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1 第16回 研究助成 A. 研究部門 報告Ⅶ 英語能力テストに関する研究 音声に対する敏感さと 英語学習総合能力との関係 熊本県 熊本学園大学大学院在籍 概要 本研究は 中学生の英語学習総合能力 注1 と 音に対する敏感さ すなわち 音識 2 福富 かおる 理論的背景 別能力との関係を明らかにすることを目的としてい る 検査方法として音識別能力を言語音識別能力と まず 聞くこと は言語4 技能の中でも他の 話 楽器音識別能力の2 つに分類し 更にこれら2 つの識 すこと 読むこと 書くこと と異なり 言語情 別能力をそれぞれ声調聴取 和音高低聴取 和音音 報の基礎入力技能である 言語学習において聞き取 色聴取に分けて検証した れない音声は発音できないし 発音できなければ話 調査の結果明らかになった点は次の 4 点である a 言語音識別能力と 書くこと 読むこと の能 す 読む 書くことはできないという一連の流れが 考えられる 力には有意な高い相関関係が見られる s 言語音識 しかし同様に 1つの技能の能力向上をめざした学 別能力は英語学習の初期段階で直接的に影響を及ぼ 習をするとその効果が自動的に他の技能の向上に結 していると考えられる d 英語学習総合能力が低い びつき 他の技能の学習を容易にする 転移 の可 学習者ほど音識別能力を頼りとする学習段階にあ 能性が考えられる ことばの 4 技能間における学習 り 音識別能力の養成は重要な意味を持つ f 音声 の転移の可能性についての研究報告を竹蓋 1997 記憶能力は 英語学習総合能力のみに影響力を持つ は以下のようにまとめている 独立した能力と考えられ この能力は音声識別能力 にはかかわりを持たない 1 表1 ことばの4技能間における学習の転移の可能性 読む 聞く Mueller, 1980; Anderson and Lynch, 1988 話す 聞く Belasco Pimsleur, 1971 ; Chastain, 1987 はじめに 2002年に文部科学省が発表した 英語が使える日 書く 聞く Wada, 1992 本人を育成するための戦略構想 に象徴されるよう に 中学校の新学習指導要領は外国語教育について 聞く 読む Nord, 1975, 1981; Anderson, et al., 1984; Lund, 1991 聞く 話す Asher, 1972; Anderson and Lynch, 1988 コミュニケーション能力の育成を前面に出し 言語 活動の中でも 聞くことや話すことなどの実践的コ ミュニケーション能力の基礎を養う と具体的に示 している では 聞くこと の能力の基礎はどのようにして 養えるのであろうか 聞く 書く Wada, 1992; 竹蓋他, 1993 転移が大であることを示す 転移なし また は小を示す 竹蓋幸生 英語教育の科学 1997 より抜粋 表1 に見られるように 聞くこと の学習から他の 3 技能への正の転移が相対的に大きいと指摘する研 103
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12 d f pitch a 2 48 s Myer, B.J. 1985, p.6 André, E.(1974). The perception of foreign language speech at the premeaning level. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University. Black, B.W. et al.(1965). Speech and aural comprehension of foreign students. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 8 No Blickenstaff, C.B.(1963). Musical talents and foreign language learning Ability. The Modern Language Journal, 47, Bradley, L. & Bryant, P.E.(1978). Difficulties in auditory organization as a possible cause of reading backwardness. Nature, 271, Bradley, L. & Bryant, P.E.(1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read a casual connection. Nature, 301, Bryant, P.E., Maclean, M. Bradley, L. & Crossland, J.(1990). Rhyme and aliteration, phoneme detection, and learning to read. Developmental Psychology, vol. 26, No.3, Carrol, J.B.(1958). A factor analysis of two foreign 114
13 language aptitude batteries. The Journal of General Psychology, 59, Carroll, J.B.(1962). The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training. In R. Glaser(Ed.), Training and research in education(pp ). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Carroll, J.B.(1981). Twenty -five years of research on foreign language aptitude. In K.C.Diller (Ed.), Individual differences and universals in language learning aptitude (pp ). Newbury House Publishers, Inc. Carroll, J.B.(1985). Second language abilities. Human abilities: In R. Sternberg (Ed.), An information processing approach (pp ). Carroll, J.B. & Sapon,S.(1955). Modern Language Aptitude Test, 2002 Edition. Bethesda, N. MD: Second Language Testing, Inc. Douglas, S & Willats, P.(1994). The relationship between musical ability and literacy skills. Journal of Research in Reading, 17 (2), Ehrman, M.(1998). The modern language aptitude test for predicting learning success and advising students. Applied Language Learning, 39, vol Eterno, J.A.(1961). Foreign language pronunciation and musical aptitude. The Modern Language Journal, 45, Ewers, D.W.F.(1950). Relations between auditory abilities and reading abilities: A problem in psychometrics. Journal of Experimental Education, 18, ( ) (1993) () (1994) SLA ( )3 ( ) (1984) (2001) Leutenegger, R.R. et al.(1964). Auditory factors in foreign language acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 49, (2002) STEP BULLETIN vol.14, (1991) Myer, B.J.(1985). Relationships among selected measures of auditory foreign language aptitude and achievement, musical aptitude and experience, prior academic achievement, sex, and handedness factors at the secondary school level. Dissertation. Nagai, H.(2001). Age factors in phonemic perception of elementary school children. M.A.thesis in Tokyo Gakugei University (1998) (1990)Sound perception Pimsleur, P. et al.(1962). Foreign language learning ability. Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 53, No.1, Postovsky, V.A.(1974). Effects of delay in oral practice at the beginning of second language learning. Modern Language Journal, 58, Seashore, C.E.(1955). Tests of Musical Talent. The Psychological Corporation. Sparks, R.L. and Ganschow, L. et al.(1997). Prediction of foreign language proficiency. Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 89, No. 3, Sparks, R. L and Ganschow, L.(2001). Aptitude for Learning a Foreign Language. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, (1984) (1988)1 (1994)4 (1997) (2002) ( ) (2000) (1996a) 171 (1996b) No. 20, (1985) (1987) Wheeler, L.R. and Wheeler, V.D.(1954). A Study of the relationship of auditory discrimination to silent reading abilities. Journal of Educational Research, 48, ( ) 115
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