3 1 2 3 1. 2. 2.1 7 3 1996 welfare to work 2. 1 195 196 197 198 99
Autumn 7 No. 16 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. 195 1952 1954 1956 1958 196 1962 1964 1966 1968 197 1972 1974 1976 1978 198 1982 1984 1986 1988 199 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 4 7 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 4 2 1, 198 198 198 1 198 2 4115 441, 4 84.9 54. 75.8 1
1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1,, 34,99935, 49,9995, 74,99975, 99,999 1, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 4 3 Mather 7 1996 6 2.72 1.8 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 6 3 1, 4 44 1 2.5 1.6 1 4 44 1.811 1.938 1.923 2.31 2.479 1.943 1.721 1.557, 2.64, 34,999 1.96 35, 49,999 1.798 5, 74,999 1.921 75, 99,999 1.819 1, 1.845 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 4. 4 18 11
Autumn 7 No. 16 3 25 15 1 5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 4. 4 1 1 8 6 4 3. 25.. 15. 1. 5. 1,5 1,5 2,999 3, 4,499 Current Population Reports P7-36 (U.S. Census Bureau) 4,5. 52 198199 3 1 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 197-3 U.S. Census Burau 4a 5 1,3.6 4 11 South, Trent, and Chen 1 9 46 U.S. Census Bureau 4 12
41 18 45 U.S. Census Bureau 4 5 15 1,5 4 1 3. 198 Goldin 199 198 197 13 198 199 6 55U.S. Census Bureau, 4 198 199 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 199 1992 1994 1998 2 4 U.S. Census bureau, Current Population Survey (each year) 6 1 13
Autumn 7 No. 16 9 8 7 6 5 4 25 25-5 5-75 25 5 3 1 197 1976 1982 1988 1994 6 Cotter, England, and Hermsen 7 Moms and Jobs Figure 5 7 25 54 2 * 6.4 29.5 26.7 8.3 22.8 8.1 4.4 5.8 12.5 6.5 1.8 18.2 29.2 15.9 24.3 7.4 8.5 2.9 9.3 5.2 28.7 33.7 13.7 21.2 11. 9.9 3.6 23.8 37.3 18.7 18.8 5.5 6.9 3.9 6.2 9. 7.2 28.4 28.9 18.3 14.2 5.2 9.8 6.3 7.2 6. 5.2 26.7 29.2 1.2 23.4 8. 4.6 4.8 11.6 6.6 * 4 5 1964 Economic Opprtunity Act U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program (SIPP), 1 Cotter et al. 4 3 6 25 5 7 14
Cotter, England, and Hermsen 7 2 4 5 1 4. 16 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act: FMLA 5 12 FMLA 3 2 Gornic and Meyer 3 4 728 3 1 3, 17 15
Autumn 7 No. 16 75 1, 11, 55, 75, 13 35 6 2 3,8162,353 Earned Income Tax Credit: EITC 8,911,611 4 3,58 EITC1999 46 Berube and Forman 1 TANF: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 1996 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act: PRWORA 2 5 3 TANF U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 4 3 TANF 5 1996 TANF Aid to Families with Dependent Children: AFDC3 working poor TANF Karoly 1 TANF 1994 47.1998 63. 5 TANF 3 16
TANF 2 Coven 2 2 1 Coontz and Folbre 2 38U.S. Census Bureau 1 5. 5 1549 6 1 7 6 5 4 3 1 5 8 17
Autumn 7 No. 16 3 -.17 -.1 -.138 -.584.237 -.132 -.53 * -1.116.187 -.479 -.25 -.378 -.446 *.249 -.363.795 2.159 ** 6.51 ** *5**1 5 3 65 7 2 8 6 9 7 3 6 3 3 9 6 18
6. 1996welfare to work 199 19825.1 199 24.5 21.9 2 199 14 1 19
Autumn 7 No. 16 1 2 5 Luxembourg Income Study Berube, Alan and Benjamin Forman. 1. A Local Ladder for the Working Poor: The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit in U.S. Metropolitan Area Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy. Coontz, Stephanie and Nancy Folbre. 7. Marriage, Poverty, and Public Policy A Discussion Paper from the Council on Contemporary Families. Cotter, David, Paula England, and Joan Hermsen. 7. Moms and Jobs: Trends in Mothers Employment and Which Mothers Stay Home. A Fact Sheet from Council on Contemporary Families. Coven, Martha. 2. Introduction to TANF. Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Goldin, Claudia. 199. Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press. Gornic, Janet and Marcia K. Meyers. 3. Families that Work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Henneck, Rachel. 3. Family Policy in the US, Japan, Italy and France: Parental Leave, Child Benefits/Family Allowance, Child Care, Marriage/Cohabitation, and Divorce. A Briefing Paper Prepared for the Council on Contemporary Families. Karoly, Lynn A. 1. Estimating the Effect of Work Requirements on Welfare Recipients: A Synthesis of the National Literature, Testimony, Subcommittee on 21 st Century Competitiveness, Commitee on Education and Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, October 16. 1 Mather, Mark. 7 The New Generation Gap Population Reference Bureau: May 7 issue. 6 6 6 pp.239-278 1996 pp.83-119 3 143 pp.93-16 5 6 pp.153-168 6 pp.189-7 South, Scott, Katherine Trent, and Yang Shen. 1. Changing Patterns: Toward a Macrostructural- Opportunity Theory of Marital Dissolution. Journal of Marriage and Family 63: pp.743-754. U.S. Census Bureau 1 Current Population Survey U.S. Census Bureau 4 Current Population Reports pp.-553 U.S. Census Bureau 5 Current Population Reports pp.-555 11