27 2012 p.9 28 R2P 1 1 2 R2P 3 4 5 1 R2P 1973 2011 3 17 3 NATO NATO 8 21 42 10 20 1 1 23 NATO 2011 11 20 2 2012 6 2 3 32 2012 1973 R2P
10 R2P R2P 2 R2P 2 R2P 3 R2P NATO NATO R2P 4 R2P R2P 1970 1973 R2P from promise to practice R2P 1 R2P 2 1970 1973 3 R2P 2 R2P 2 Lloyd Axworthy and Allan Rock, A victory for the Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa Citizen (25 October 2011), http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/victory Responsibility Protect/5600183/story.htm. 3 Gareth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect Comes of Age, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/ evans11/english 4 David Rieff, R2P, R. I. P., New York Times (7 November 2011), http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/opinion/r2prip.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print>
27 2012 11 2 R2P 2.1 R2P responsibility to protect ICISS 2001 12 R2P 1990 5 R2P 6 R2P R2P R2P 7 5 R2P ICISS 19 3 R2P 22 2008 6 The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Center, 2001); Gareth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008). 7 ICISS 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 ICISS, op. cit., pp. 32 37, 47 55.
12 R2P R2P R2P R2P R2P R2P 8 R2P 2.2 R2P R2P 21 9 2005 10 R2P 2005 9 14 16 2000 170 R2P 138 139 6 7 7 8 NO 2011 232 263 9 UN Doc. A/59/565 (2 December 2004), paras. 201 203. 10 UN Doc. A/59/2005 (21 March 2005), para. 132.
27 2012 13 11 R2P ICISS R2P 7 R2P 7 R2P R2P R2P R2P R2P R2P R2P 12 1674 2006 4 28 1894 2009 11 11 138 139 2009 1 12 138 139 R2P 3 13 1 2 3 R2P 2010 7 11 UN Doc. A/60/L. 1 (20 September 2005), para. 139. 12 2005 16 3 2008 13 UN. Doc. A/63/677 (12 January 2009).
14 R2P 2011 6 14 2009 9 2010 8 R2P 4 R2P 15 2009 10 9 R2P R2P 16 2.3 R2P R2P 2008 8 R2P 17 R2P R2P R2P 2003 2 Janjaweed 2003 2004 18 R2P 19 ICISS 2001 R2P 14 UN. Doc. A/64/864 (14 July 2010); UN. Doc. A/65/877 S/2011/393 (27 June 2011). 15 Alex J. Bellamy, The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On, Ethics & International Affairs, 24(2) (2010), p. 147. 16 UN. Doc. A/RES/63/308 (9 October 2009). 17 Gareth Evans, Russia, Georgia and the Responsibility to Protect, Amsterdam Law Forum, 1(2) (2009), http://ojs. ubvu.vu.nl/alf/article/viewarticle/58/115evans2009. 18 Cristina G. Badescu and Linnea Bergholm, The Responsibility to Protect and the Conflict in Darfur: The Big Let- Down, Security Dialogue, 40(3) (2009). pp. 287 309. 19 R2P Bellamy (2010), op. cit.
27 2012 15 34 NGO R2P ICRtoP R2P R2P R2P 3 3.1 2011 2 15 20 2 17 15 1996 17 21 1 20 2011 138 162 21 James L. Gelvin, The Arab Uprisings : What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 80 82; Lin Noueihed and Alex Warren, The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-revolution and the Making of a New Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), p. 179.
16 R2P 1000 22 23 2012 3 2 24 2 20 3.2 1970 LAS 22 25 R2P 26 EU UNHRC 2 25 15 27 22 Marc Lynch, The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East (New York: Public Affairs, 2012), p. 112. 23 Gelvin, op. cit., p. 82. 24 UN. Doc. A/HRC/19/68 (2 March 2012), para. 22. 25 Emily O Brien and Andrew Sinclair, The Libyan War : A Diplomatic History/ February-August 2011, Center on International Cooperation, New York University, http://www.cic.nyu.edu/mgo/docs/ libya_diplomatic_history.pdf. 26 SC/10180 AFR/2120 (22 February 2011), http://www.un.org/news/press/docs/2011/sc10180.doc.htm 27 U. N. Doc. A/HRC/S 15/1, Situation of human rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, (25 February 2011).
27 2012 17 3 1 Navy Pillay step in 28 R2P 138 139 1000 29 Abdurrahman Shalgham 28 Situation of Human Rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Statement by Navy Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (Human Rights Council - 15th Special Session-Geneva, 25 February 2011), http://www.ohchr.org/en/ NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10760&LangID=E. 29 UN. Doc. S/PV. 6490 (25 February 2011), p. 3.
18 R2P 30 2 26 1970 31 1970 R2P 41 2 15 ICC 3.3 1973 1970 27 Mustafa Abdel Jalil TNC 3 5 TNC TNC R2P 32 3 33 30 Ibid., p. 5. 31 UN. Doc. S/RES/1970 (26 February 2011). 32 Founding Statement of the Interim Transitional National Council (TNC), Benghazi, Libya (5 March 2011), http:// www.ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/. 33 Rebels in Libya Win Battle but Fail to Loosen Qaddafi s Grip, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/03/world/ africa/03libya.html. http://www.afpbb.com/article/
27 2012 19 GCC 3 7 34 OIC Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu 35 36 3 10 AU GCC OIC LAS AU R2P 37 12 EU war-unrest/2790318/6952988. 34 Alex J. Bellamy and Paul D. Williams, The New Politics of Protection? Côte d Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect, International Affairs, 87(4) (2011), p. 841. 35 Statement of Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu OIC Secretary General to the Meeting of the Permanent Representatives on the Situation in the Libyan Jamahiriya, (8 March 2011), http://www.oic-oci.org/topic_detail.asp?t_ id=5023&x_key= 36 Final Communique Issued by the Emergency Meeting of the Committee of Permanent Representatives to the Organization of the Islamic Conference on the Alarming Developments in Libyan Jamahiriya, (8 March 2011), http:// www.oic-oci.org/topic_detail.asp?t_id=5022&x_key=libya 37 Communique of the 265th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council, PSC/PR/COMM. 2 (CCLXV), (10 March 2011), http://au.int/en/dp/ps/sites/default/files/2011_mar_11_psc_265theeting_libya_communique_en.pdf
20 R2P 38 11 EU EU EU27 39 EU 40 41 42 3 17 4 10 5 43 1973 1970 38 The outcome of the Council of the League of Arab States meeting at the Ministerial level in its extraordinary session on The implications of the current events in Libya and the Arab position Cairo, March 12, 2011, Res. No.: 7360 (12 March 2011), para. 1, reprinted in International Legal Materials, 50(5) (2011), pp. 709 872. 39 Libya no-fly zone plan rejected by EU leaders, (11 March 2011), http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/ libya-no-fly-zone-plan-rejected 40 EUCO 7/1/11 REV 1 (11 March 2011), para. 6. 41 Simon Chesterman, Leading from Behind : The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention After Libya, Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3) (2011), p. 282. 42 2011 3 19 43 5
27 2012 21 7 1973 44 1973 1973 2011 45 R2P 1970 1973 R2P 4 4.1 R2P 46 44 UN. Doc. S/RES/1973 (17 March 2011). 45 Secretary-General Says Security Council Action on Libya Affirms International Community s Determination to Protect Civilians from Own Government s Violence, SG/SM/13454 (18 March 2011), http://www.un.org/news/press/ docs/2011/sgsm13454.doc.htm 46 R2P R2P ICRtoP R2P Global Center for RtoP R2P
22 R2P 3 NATO 47 R2P 2 1970 24 1973 R2P 48 R2P 49 ICISS R2P R2P R2P Open Letters to the Security Coucil on the Situation in Libya, at http:// globalr2p.org/media/pdf/open_letter_to_the_security_council_on_the_situation_in_libya.pdf 47 Statement by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen on Libya, Press Release (2011) 036 (27 March 2011), http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_71808.htm?mode=pressrelease. 48 Jennifer Welsh, Civilian Protection in Libya: Putting Coercion and Controversy Back into RtoP, Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3) (2011), p. 255. 49 Chesterman, op. cit., p. 280.
27 2012 23 50 R2P 2 1970 Gerard Araud 51 1973 R2P 2 R2P 1973 5 3 52 1973 R2P 53 54 50 Interview with Mohamed Sahnoun, Global Responsibility to Protect, 3(4) (2011), p. 478. 51 S/PV. 6491, p. 5. 52 UN. Doc. S/PV. 6498 (17 March 2011). 53 Ibid., p. 10. 54 Ibid. p. 7.
24 R2P 55 1973 R2P R2P R2P R2P 4.2 R2P 1970 1973 1970 56 55 Ibid., pp. 3 4. 56 S/PV. 6491, p. 7.
27 2012 25 57 1973 58 59 60 EU 61 3 10 TNC 3 12 TNC 62 63 57 Ibid., p. 3. 58 S/PV. 6498, p. 7. 59 S/PV. 6498, p. 8. 60 S/PV. 6491, p. 4 (Lebanon), p. 5 (Columbia), p. 6 (Gabon); S/PV. 6498, p. 9 (Portugal), p. 6 (India), p. 6 (Brazil). 61 EUCO 7/1/11 REV 1, para. 7. 62 LAS, Res. No.: 7360, para. 2. 63 James Pattison, The Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention in Libya, Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3) (2011), p. 272.
26 R2P R2P R2P R2P 3 2011 10 4 R2P NATO NATO 64 65 R2P R2P R2P R2P 64 U. N. Doc. S/PV. 6627 (4 October 2011), p. 4. 65 Ibid., p. 11.
27 2012 27 66 4 NATO R2P R2P 1973 R2P R2P R2P R2P 67 R2P R2P R2P 66 Bellamy and Williams, op. cit., p. 849. 67 Thomas Weiss, RtoP Alive and Well after Libya, Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3); 287 292.
28 R2P R2P R2P B 22330054