NINJAL Research Papers No.13

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2 (NINJAL Research Papers) 13: (2017) ISSN: X print/ online 25 Langacker 2016 Baseline Elaboration 3 V1-V2 V1 V2 V2 V1 * 1. compounding 2 lexeme Bauer 2003: 40 N-N V-N N-V V-V Langacker 2016 Baseline Elaboration 3 * 142 NINJAL

3 26 13: (2017) a V2 1b V1 V2 1 a. * b. 2 2 * * * Langacker B/E 3.1 NWJC 1 2 2

4 13: (2017) BCCWJ Baayen 1992 P 5 2. Spencer 1991 Bauer 2001 Haspelmath 2002 Booij 2005 Scalise & Bisetto Scalise & Bisetto 2009: 50 1 SUB ATAP COORD 2 taxi driver taxi driver blue cheese blue cheese 1 painter-poet 2 and 2 verbal-nexus 1 1? rén shé (people snake) illegal immigrant

5 28 13: (2017) ground attributive appositive Attributive high school appositive mushroom cloud endocentric exocentric Scalise & Bisetto 2009 V-V verbal-nexus Langacker 2016 Langacker 2016 Baseline Elaboration B E S B/E 2 B/E Langacker 2015

6 13: (2017) 29 Langacker cat cat + s cats goose geese geese goose Sheep zero morpheme sheep sheep 3 Langacker 2016: Langacker 2016: PL cat +s goose oo ee sheep 4 Langacker 2016: 419

7 30 13: (2017) Sapir 1921, Hockett 1954, McCarthy 1981, Spencer B/E E Additive 5 3 a Coordination b Augmentation c Adaptation B 1 coordinate 3 - B1-B2 - B1-B2 - - B1-B2-B B1-B2-B3-B4

8 13: (2017) 31 4 [V-V] V [V-V] N suru 4 * * * A 5 B 5 - A-B - A-B - A-B - A-B - B-A Scalise & Bisetto B E 6 - B-E - B-E - E-B - E-B 6 E Masica 1976 explicator compound verb Hook 1974, 1999, Pardeshi 2001

9 32 13: (2017) cats 7 7 Bybee Booij 2005, Lieber 1981 Williams 1981 Kiparsky 1982 Selkirk 1982 Zwicky 1985 Scalise et al S1 B1 B2 B A 2015

10 13: (2017) 33 dŏu dòng tremble-move V1 V2 Matsumoto 1996: V2 Talmy 2000: 217 framing event V2 * V1V2 V2 B B B V1 8 V1 8 a. * b. * c. * a. b. c. SOV V V SOV SOV 2013

11 34 13: (2017) 3 Scalise & Bisetto * Lexical-aspect, L-asp 10 a. 1993, 2012 b. 2012, Langacker 2016: , 2013

12 13: (2017) 35 c Matsumoto , 2013 Matsumoto 1996 V1

13 36 13: (2017) 11 a. * * * * * * b. V1 V1 V1 V1 12 a. * * * * b V1 V2 V2 V a. b. * 2012,

14 13: (2017) 37 V * * lexical gap 2013 * * B/E B1 B2 * * *

15 38 13: (2017) E 2012, [[[ ]- ]- ] NWJC 100 V1-V2-V V1-V2 ASP -V3 ASP - ASP - ASP V1V2 [V-V] N V-V V-V [V-V-V] V

16 13: (2017) 39 1 V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP

17 40 13: (2017) V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP

18 13: (2017) 41 6 V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP 6 7 V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP

19 42 13: (2017) V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP

20 13: (2017) V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP

21 44 13: (2017) V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V1V2 ASP V3 ASP V3 V2 2012, 2013

22 13: (2017) 45 * * * V2 V CD B/E 2 E BCCWJ 20 V Baayen 1992 P Baayen P N hapax legomena n1 n1/n 16 18

23 46 13: (2017) N n P 0 17 N n1 P

24 13: (2017) N n1 P P = P =

25 48 13: (2017) Scalise & Bisetto , 2013 B/E B/E B/E V-V N-V V-N N-N Baayen, Harald (1992) Quantitative aspects of morphological productivity. In: Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle (eds.) Yearbook of morphology 1991, Dordrecht: Kluwer. Bauer, Laurie (2001) Compounding. In: Martin Haspelmath, König Ekkehard, Oesterreicher Wulf, and Raible Wolfgang (eds.) Language typology and language universals, Berlin: De Gruyter. Bauer, Laurie (2003) Introducing linguistic morphology. 2nd edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Booij, Geert (2005) Compounding and derivation: Evidence for construction morphology. In: Wolfgang U. Dressler, Franz Rainer, Dieter Kastovsky, and Oskar Pfeiffer (eds.) Morphology and its demarcations, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Booij, Geert (2006) Inflection and derivation. In: Keith Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 2nd edition, Oxford UK: Elsevier. Bybee, Joan (1985) Morphology: A study of the relation between meaning and form. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins Haspelmath, Martin (2002) Understanding morphology. London: Arnold. Hockett, Charles F. (1954) Two models of grammatical description. Word 10: Hook, Peter (1974) The compound verb in Hindi. Ann Arbor: Center for South & Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan. Hook, Peter (1999) Where do compound verbs come from? (And where are they going?). Working papers of International

26 13: (2017) 49 Symposium on South Asian Languages: Contact, convergence and typology. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Kiparsky, Paul (1982) Lexical phonology and morphology. In: Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.) Linguistics in the morning calm, Seoul: Hanshin. Langacker, Ronald W. (2015) Baseline and elaboration. Handout of Plenary lecture. International Cognitive Linguistics Conference. Northumbria University. July 24, Langacker, Ronald W. (2016) Baseline and elaboration. Cognitive Linguistics 27(3): Lieber, Rochelle (1981) On the organization of the lexicon. Indiana: Indiana University Linguistics Club [reprinted 1991: New York: Garland] Masica, Colin (1976) Defining a linguistics area. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Matsumoto, Yo (1996) Complex predicates in Japanese: A syntactic and semantic study of the notion Word. Stanford: CSLI Publications and Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers : McCarthy, John (1981) A prosodic theory of nonconcatentive morphology. Linguistic Inquiry 12: Pardeshi, Prashant (2001) The explicator compound verb in Marathi: Definitional issues and criteria for identification. Kobe Papers in Linguistics 3: Sapir, Edward (1921) Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Scalise, Sergio and Antonietta Bisetto (2009) The classification of compounds. In: Rochelle Lieber and Pavol Stekauer (eds.) The Oxford handbook of compounding, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Scalise, Sergio, Antonio Fabregas and Francesca Forza (2009) Exocentricity in compounding. Gengo Kenkyu 135: Selkirk, Elizabeth (1982) The syntax of words. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Spencer, Andrew (1991) Morphological theory: An introduction to word structure in generative grammar. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Spencer, Andrew (1998) Morphophonological operations. In: Andrew Spencer and Arnold Zwicky (eds.) Handbook of morphology, Oxford: Blackwell. Talmy, Leonard (2000) Toward a cognitive semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (2013), Williams, Edwin (1981) On the notions lexically related and head of a word. Linguistic Inquiry 12: Zwicky, Arnold (1985) Heads. Journal of Linguistics 21: Web

27 50 13: (2017) The Classification of Compounds in Baseline/Elaboration Theory: Focusing on Japanese Compound Verbs CHEN Yi-Ting Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Theory & Typology Division, Research Department, NINJAL Abstract The present paper proposes a new classification of compounds based on baseline/elaboration theory (Langacker 2016). According to the types of elaboration in the semantic pole, this paper classifies compounds into three types: (i) coordination, (ii) augmentation, and (iii) adaptation. By this classification, we can explain the headedness, the differences in productivity, and the restriction on the ordering of Japanese [V1-V2] V compound verbs (henceforth JCVs). In baseline/elaboration theory, the head of a compound can be considered as the baseline (B). Coordination is the combination of two words with similar meanings. The components of coordination compounds are equally substantive and constitute a dual baseline. Thus, both V1 and V2 are heads. In augmentation, the baseline is the head V2, and V1 is the slot filler (Additive) of V2. In adaptation, V2 is an adaptation relating B (V1 = head) to a higher-level structure B. The restriction on the ordering of JCVs can be considered as the result of different constraints for each type. With a focus on adaptation type, this paper clarifies the possibility of mutual coupling between the concepts by utilizing a ten-billion-word scale Japanese web corpus named NINJAL Web Japanese Corpus. Regarding the productivity of JCVs, this paper examined the data in The Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ) corpus and calculated their productivity. The result shows that type i has zero productivity, type ii has low productivity, and type iii has relatively high productivity. These characteristics of JCVs can be correctly predicted and adequately accounted for by the classification based on baseline/elaboration theory. Key words: Japanese compound verbs, baseline and elaboration, headedness, ordering restriction, productivity

null element [...] An element which, in some particular description, is posited as existing at a certain point in a structure even though there is no

null element [...] An element which, in some particular description, is posited as existing at a certain point in a structure even though there is no overt phonetic material present to represent it. Trask