ESRI Discussion Paper Series No69 by October 2003 Economic and Social Research Institute Cabinet Office Tokyo, Japan
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3 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 4 1 2 3 4 * 2003 8 7 B603
4 1 Schultz 1963 Becker 1964 human capital 1 2 1 1 Hanushek 19861996 2002 Freeman 1986 Card 1999 2000
5 2 3 4 5 6 7 2001 2001 1995 2002 1982 2003 2002 2003 1998 1991 2003 1986 1999 19962001 http://wwwworldbankorg/education/economicsed/research/keyread/keyread_indexhtm NBER http://wwwnberorg/programs/ed/edhtml
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 1973 6 4 19 23 60 Et Bt t 22 60 E t B = ( ) t 19 = 19 1+ t= 23 ( 1+ ) t t ρ ρ t 19 ρ ρ 6
1998 1980 80 1997 80 3 1 1996 2 1977 2 1998 3 1996 1935 111 1950 81%1965 90% 2 1980 23 1,000 7
8 3 signaling Spence 1973 4 1997 Abe 2002 OB 1995 2002 (1) (2) (3) (4) 3 Arai 1998 Arai 2002 4 1995
5 3 Mincer Mincer 1974 Mincer Mincer 1 2 w lnw s x 2 ln w = const + αs + βx γx, α, β, γ > 0 6 ß 100 1 Hashimoto and Raisian 19851992 100% 46% 1990 Hashimoto and Raisian 5 1997 6 1995 9
Clark and Ogawa 1992 7 SSMSocial Stratification and Social Mobility Tachibanaki 1988 2000 2 Thurow 1976 job competition OJT 2003 1 2 2003 10
11 rationing 7 2002 97 486 1979 1987 1995 1994 1995 8 1995 1995 [ ] 7 2003 2003 8 1999 1997Abe 2002 OB
1 2 3 9 1982 19841960 80 20 160 60 70 260 70 3 15 4 10 1986 20 11 2002 9 199920012002 10 1984 (1)60 70 (2) (3) 11 1984 1986 12
13 1 2 3 4 12 2003 Oaxaca1973 * * * ) ( ) ( ) ( f m f f m m f m X X X X W W + + = W X * mf 1 2 3 * 1 2 2004 2000 2004 12 1984 1985 1986 2002
4 A IQ I F Q P 4 i i A = F I, F, Q, P + ε i ( i i i i ) i 13 Hanushek 2002 Card and Krueger 1992 13 5 14
IQ 2 1984 14 1 2 2002 14 1981 1 15
15 40 35 30 Reducing Class Size: What Do We Know? May, 1998 15 2003-1987 16
17 1985 1996 1990 2001 1 4 1 2 16 2002 2001 1999 04 16 2002
2002 150 17 2001 7 20 2 1 Lazear 2001 2 17 1984 18
economies of scale economies of scope 1 multi-product firm C 1 i = a + biyij + j 2 j k c Y Y ij ij ik + ε Ci i Yij j i i c ij 19
2 SC GLO = { C( Y,0) + C(0, Y )} i C( Y, Y i j j ) C( Y, Y SCGLO 0 SCGLO > 0 Hashimoto 1997 1,400 Hashimoto and Cohn 1997 2004 i j ) 1992 Baba and Tanaka 1997 20
21 1991 1998 2003 NPO DEAdata envelopment analysis DEA 1 Suwanrada 2001
1991 197686 18 Ogura and Kotake 1999 Ogura and Kotake 1980 2005 1999 2002 4 18 1998 22
1992 19 2 1980 1984 Nakata and Mosk 1986 1986 1990 19 2001 6 2003 Hashimoto and Health 1995 172 23
20 21 i 2 j=0 j=1 Uij U ij = Z β + S γ + ε ij i j ij Si i Zij i j ij y = 0 y =1 i i i P ( yi = 1) = P( Ui1 > Ui0) = P( εi0 εi1 < ( Zi1 Zi0 ) β + Si ( γ1 γ 0 )) = F( ( Z Z ) β + S ( γ γ )) i1 i0 i 1 0 F 1994 1986 24
1989 4 3 1 Arai 1989 22 1993 4 3 multi-nomial logit model 1996 probit model probit model Tobit 22 Arai 1989 Arai 25
26 model 23 [ ] 1989 2003 1992 1994 1 2 23 2001
SSM 1955 10 SSMSocial Stratification and Social Mobility 2000 SSM 2000 SSM 1999 2001 SSM 1 2 3 4 4 2000 SSM 2000 2002 2002 27
28 2000 2 2001 2002 2003 1SSM 1980 2 1990 24 1999 2001 2001a 2001b 2001c 24
29 2001d 1 2 3 2 4 25 3 5 25 Akerlof and Kranton 2002
4 7 6 Rothchild and White 1995 [ ] 2001 6, pp104-116 1997, pp151-170 1990 41 3, pp241-249 1995 2002 30
1982 2003 2003 58, pp86-96 1996 58, pp5-28 1999 5 No471, pp52-65 2002 - No46, pp22-43 1998 63, pp119-136 2003 Vo52, No4, pp135-147 2003 No47, pp41-62 1995, pp181-203 2002 70, pp165-183 1999-21 1998, pp98-126 1991 No21, pp14-33 2001 6, pp126-135 2002 2003 2002 90 70, pp125-141 1986 16, pp41-64 1989 18, pp101-126 2000 66, pp213-229 31
2001 2002 2003, pp75-96 2001 2001 Vol2 1992 1996 1998 1979 2002 131 1985 14, pp73-93 2000 3 2001 68 4, pp351-359 2002 54 2000 1997 1960 49 1991 1984 1996 37 1, pp147-190 1981 30 1, pp173-221 1984 39, pp113-127 2003 Vol53, No2 2003 55 2004 1989 44, pp101-118 1995 32
1999 2002 1998 1, pp32-35 1999 : 44, pp27-34 1994 28 4, pp73-95 1987, pp62-74 1995 2001 1995, pp229-246 1999 30, pp109-123 2003 2000 3, pp37-56 1993 44 3, pp212-220 2000 3, pp151-173 2001 2001a 1 2001a 2 2001c 3 2001d 1995, pp205-227 1977 ESP12, pp31-35 1980 8, pp47-54 2002 37 3, pp1-12 1992 No22, pp137-165 1994, pp245-278 1973, 169, pp28-39 33
1986 36, 2002 32, pp117-129 1996, pp61-85 1984 39, pp140-153 1991 20, pp267-280 2003 1986 16, pp179-198 1980 1999 198439, pp216-228 1996 2000 3, pp105-126 2001 2000 -- 2, pp114-155 2001 19, pp255-273 2002 20, pp107-124 1999 29, pp23-41 2001 31, pp17-33 2002 32, pp1-16 1992 50, pp325-344 1987 1987, pp42-61 Suwanrada Worawet 2001 01-02 34
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