Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga: Deforestation, Protected Areas, and Forests Hotspots Hotspot /Friends of the Earth-Japan, Siberia Hotspot Project /Global Environmental Forum 1
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga 25% 57% Rosencranz, 1992 1% 2% 1% Dudly, 1995 1997 WRI; World Resources Institute Frontier Forest 26% WRI FF FF km 2 1 3,448 26 2 3,429 25 3 2,284 17 4 540 4 5 530 4 6 391 3 7 348 3 8 307 2 9 292 2 10 255 2 11 172 1 12 162 1 12 90 WRI 1997 European Russia 22% Far East 37% Siberia 41% The Federal Forest Service of Russia, 1996 1
Hotspot 41% 37% 22% 45 25 50 2 7,370 ha 204 m 3 Far Eastern Forest Inventory Enterprise, 1995 71.9 61% Larch 61 Creeping pine/creeping Alder 11.8 Birch 7.6 Fir/Spruce 5.5 Korean Pine 1.2 Oak 1.1 Linden. 0.3 Ash 0.1 Far Eastern Forestry Inventory Enterprise, 1995 40% 4 3 0.8% - Sikhote-Alin 2
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga - Kedrovaya Pad black fir Nabil skiy Schmid Selemdzha Zeya Zeisko Bureinskaya 21,257.8 17,861.7 9,413.0 9,136.6 5,378.5 4,617.2 2,033.1 1,644.7 1,938.1 1,335.1 1,230.4 146.9 689.7 597.6 574.9 383.6 100 m 3 Lesson M. 1991 Newell Wilson The Russian Far East: Forests, Biodiversity hotspots, and Industrial Developments 75% 1,000 2,000m 4,750m Klyuchevskiy 25% 3
Hotspot 4 Arctic moss 70 50 - Shikhote-Alin - - Krever,1994 eleutherococcus
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga snowy owl Arctic fox sharp-tailed sandpiper musk ox snow goose; Chen caerulescens reindeer polar bears; Ursus maritimus 350 Ross s gulls; Rhodostethia rosea Amur or siberian tiger; 50,000 Panthera tigris altaica 2,000 Siberian white crane; Grus Ursus tibetanus lecogeranus Sparks, ussuricus 1992 horned mountain goat Blackiston s fish owl; Ketupa blackistoni brown bear yellow-throated marten Far Eastern forest cat m 30 northern fur seal Panthera pardus orientalis steller s sea lion Enhydra lutris black fir lutris 1,500 100 400 200 3 2 4500 8 Lebedev Anatoly, Ivan Kulunziga, and Pavel Soldatov. 1998 2 5
Hotspot 3 1992 - IUCN 3,000 Krever and others 1994; Charkiewicz 1993 CO 2 CO 2 Kolchugina Vinson 1 Vinson, 1993 75 6
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga Benmann, 1995 CO 2 Hammond, 1994 CO 2 1994 9 3 1 1 Woodwell, 1993 75% 75% CO 2 10 20 Far Eastern Forestry Research Institute 7
Hotspot Rick Fox subarctic forest subarctic forest 100km 1959 Deputatskiy CO 2 FAO 1999 /State of World's Forests1999 1 World Rainforest Movement, 1998 FAO 1 FAO 20% 7m 8
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga 40 Pinus Koreaiensis 1980 Mongokian Oak Gordon, 1998 Ash FAO Wilson,1999 Lisitsyin,1999 2 75 90 120 140 Isaev, 1996 160 180 Labrador tea Dobrynin, 1996 Gordon, 1998 9
Hotspot 10 WRI,1996 40% 60% 4 David Gordon Dudley 1995 - Gordon, 1998
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga 1 1998 8,383,000m 3 95% Ash 1997 m 3 6,824,000 6,134,000 504,000 186,00 944,000 944,000 615,000 585,000 30,000 1997 1,000m 3 8,383,000 3,832 1,189 797 844 489 7,663,000 534,000 Dalles Marketing Research, 1998 110 7,062,000m 3 Far East Forestry Research Institute, 1998 1997 1997 8,597,000m 3 11
Hotspot 3 1 1993 1997 53% 6.8% 19.3% 1-1997 3,832,000m 3 1,189,000m 3 2 2 a) 30 1km 50 100 Newell Rosshino 300US Newell, 1998 process of legalization Rosshino Belogorka Alexander Kichigon 200 300 Newell Dalnereshensks 12
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga Karasnoameiskiy Paval Soldotof 200 500US Primorklesprom Viktor Doroshenko 40% 50% 2,000km 97 Vsevod Rozenberg 100% 100 m 3 200 m 3 50% 1995 210,000m 3 449,000m 3 b) Leskhozi 81 rayon 1,740 40 Regional Forest Committees 45% World Bank,1995 13
Hotspot Viktor Surkov Peryavslavka 82% Surkov c) NGO Bureau for the Regional Public Campaigning Anatoly Levedev Lebedev Anatoly, Ivan Kulunziga, and Pavel NGO NGO NGO Soldatov.1998 2 1998 1998 Far Eastern Forestry Research Institute 1,262 150 ha 1 5,430 m 3 wood stock 46 Komsomolsk Solnechny Ulchsky Nikolayevsk 14
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga Nanay 10 ha Tymovskoye UNDAC,1998 6 7,000 UNDAC,1998 200 ha 1 2,000 3 700 800 1998 1977 1997 20 2,300 ha 1998 1 150 ha Sheingauz,1998 1998 556 5 8,000ha Sheingauz,1998 Siberian tiger - a) 1998 1998 6 8 15 20 Sheingauz,1998 9 10 7 40 50 70 85 15 30 UNDAC:Unaited Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination UNDAC Alexander Sheingauz 1988 1997 10 1988 1997 57.9 5.1 6.5 12.2 16.1 13.8 15
Hotspot Sheingauz Sheingauz 1930 b) 50 10 20 2 3 UNDAC,1998 : UNDAC, 1998 c) 1998 55 Sheingauz,1998 16
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga 100 1976 30 ha UNDAC,1998 1,500 m 3 1998 3 d) 17 5 100 1 MPC: Maximum Permissible Concentration 3 13 24 UNDAC,1998 e) Ecology Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Georgy Korovin 1 ha 90 ha 3,000t UNDAC,1998 f) 70 30 1998 17
Hotspot UNDAC 25 1988 30 ha 1998 200 ha 4 1998 Khavarovsk s far Eastern Forest Protection Air Base 60 AN-24 8 1988 1 3 1998 1 1 UNDAC,1998 20 1988 500 1998 150 1988 850 1998 180 g) 2 UNDAC the International Federation of Red Cross 5,000 US 500 USAID 5 OCHA: UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 5 US UNDAC UNDAC 250 US 2 18
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga 2 Wildlife Foundation 1998 Andrei Zhakarenkov 1919 Zapovednik 1921 9 16 1951 128 1,200 ha 1952 70% 150 ha 1980 1951 1,200 ha Zakazunik Federal National Parks 1985 Natural Monuments Pamyatniki Prirody Nature Parks Prirodniye Parky TTPs; Territories of Traditional Nature Use IUCN A 19
Hotspot IUCN A 1970 World Biosphere Reserves Kronotskiy - Ust-Lenskiy 2km Kedrovaya Pad Reserve, Ussuriysk Reserve Far Eastern Marine Reserve 1 40 80 1997 92 6,410,173ha 32,492,703ha 63,000ha 411,243ha 26,442,071ha 1.55% Biodiversity Conservation Center, 1997 IUCN a 40% IUCN 20
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga 1,000 4,400 ha 69 1,150 ha 70 12 5 Pamyatniki Priody IUCN 100 500ha National Parks/IUCN 1983 1 120 1997 33 440 ha 0.39 Territories of Traditional Nature Use; TTPs IUCN TTPs TTPs 21
Hotspot Prirodniye Parky 1995 3 4 Muranvyovskiy Nature Park 1993 the Socio-Ecological Union; SEU NGO 5,000ha SEU 11.7% 3% 85.3% a 100m b 100 300m c 100 3,000m d km e f 200m g 3 5km h 30 Sheingaus,Forest Sector of the Russian Far East: A status report, 1996 22
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga Alexander Sheingauz 2 g 3% h 10% 1996 10 3 1 World Bank,1996 World Conservation Monitoring Centre; WCMC 17 2% NGO 23
Hotspot 1985 20 World Bank, 1996 Mikhail Bibikoov 1 US 13 US NGO Institute of Water and Ecological Problems; IVEP Botchi 1999 3 Duhugdzhurskiy Okhotia Vasilli Gorobeiko Lebedinyi 6 3 Chunskaya Guba Omolonsky, Ust -Tanyurerskiy 1 Gennadiy Smirnov, Kaira Club, 1999 24
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga Krai rayon On Specially Protected Nature Territories Middle-Ussuri/Srredne-Ussuriskiy National Park Alexei Avramenko 25
Hotspot 1983 TTPs WCMC variant 2 WCMC World Bank 1996 2 variant 26
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga Institute of Water and Ecological Problems 212 IUCN 55 IUCN USSR RSFSR 50 32 18 36 Daurian 20% 20 IUCN NGO 27
Hotspot WRI 1995 Botanical Gardens of the Russian Academy of Sciences 10 NGO 1 1 2 3 52 1995 4 Vostochniy the Shufan Plateau Anuiskiy Far Eastern Leopard Kedrovaya NGO WWF 4 1997 IUCN 28
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga 10 NGO 5 7 1 5 5 7 Yuri Darman A.T. Koval 1998 4 1 139 NGO IUCN 1998 6 6 NGO 45 Siberian tiger - 1991 1980 1995 Hornocker Wildlife Institute USAID EPT - 1,650 Samarga river Bikin river Chuken river Matai river middle-ussuri River 29
Hotspot Schmidt peninsula Vengeri and Pursh-Pursh river Krilon Peninsula IUCN 59 80 ha 2 - WRI Forest Frontiers Initiative; FFI WRI WRI WRI WWF WWF NGO 1994 WWF-US Conserving Russia s Biological Diversity 30
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga WWF eco-region 150 US WWF WWF NGO 1 1 NGO 1998 Udege NGO 20 3 30 /Samarga River Basin /Middle and Upper Bikin River Basin /Middle- Ussuriiskiy National Park /Upper- Ussuriiskiy National park /Anyuiskiy National Park /Matai Zakaanik Pikhtsa-Tigroviy Dom Zakaznik Gur-Khoso Zakaznik - 31
Hotspot /Vengeri and Pursh-Pursh River Basin /Anna, Sima, and Burkhara River basin /Schmidt Peninsula /Krilyon Peninsula /Vaida Mountain /Arkhainskaya Lowland and Little /Mukhinka Drainage Basin /Between the Nora and Selemdzha Rivers /Moutains surrounding Zeiskoye Reservoir Kuldur / Kuldur National Park /Sub-tundra forests of Northern Sakha /Between the Magadanskiy Lena and Amga Rivers /Tuimaada Valley Khingan Range IUCN,1998, IUCN 1998 6 5 1999 3 NGO NGO 32
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga A. B. C. A. NGO B. C. obosnovaniye 33
Hotspot 1998 200 ha 3,000 t 90 ha 1998 154 3 A. NGO 1998 B. C. NGO 21 A. NGO B. C. = D. 34
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga E. IFF CBD G8 G8 Forest Action Programme FSC Forest Stewardship Council A. NGO Bemmann, A. Der Boreale Wald als C2-Senke. AFZ6, 1995. Biodiversity Action Network. Forest Biodiversity. Washington, D.C, 1998. URL: 35
Hotspot www@bionet.org Bureau of Regional Public Campaigns BRPC & Friends of the Earth-Japan. Illegal Ash Timber Flow from Sikhote-Alin Area Far East Russia to China and Japan. Unpublished Report. November, 1998. Dobrynin, Alexander. Forests of Khabarovsk Region, in Newell and Wilson, The Russian Far East: Forests, Biodiversity Hotspots, and Industrial Developments, 1996. Dudley, Nigel, Jean-Paul Jeanrenaud, Francis Sullivan. Bad Harvest? The Timber Trade and the Degradation of the World s Forests. London: Earthscan Publications, 1995. Efremov, D.F., V.P. Karakin, A.P. Kovalev, A.S. Sheingauz. Commentary on the Rules for Timber Harvest in Far Eastern Forests. United States Agency for International Development US AID, Khabarovsk 1998. Federal Forest Service of Russia. Rules For Conducting Harvest Cuts in the Far- Eastern Forests. Moscow, 1993. Forest Fires in Russia will add to Global Warming. Agence France-Presse, Oct. 21, 1998. Forest Fires on the Island of Sakhalin and Khabarovsk Krai. UNDAC Mission Report. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA, November, 1998. Friends of the Earth-Japan, Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Sakha, and the World Conservation Union IUCN, Resolution on the International Conference Biodiversity Conservation in the Russian Far East: Priority Territories Hotspots and Strategies for their Protection. June 16-19, 1998, Yakutsk, Russian Federation. Friends of the Earth-Japan and World Conservation Union IUCN. Priority Territories of the Russian Far East and Biodiversity Conservation: A Survey of Ecological Hotspots. Friends of the Earth-Japan & IUCN, 1999. In Russian. Gordon, David Siberia and the Russian Far East, in The North Pacific Frontier: An Overview of Natural Resources and Strategies to Conserve Them. Sausalito: Pacific Environment and Resources and Environment Center, 1998. Greenpeace International. The Carbon Bomb: Climate Change and the Fate of the Northern Boreal Forests Amsterdam: Greenpeace International, 1994. Hammond, Herb The Boreal Forest, 1994. Iremonger, S., C. Ravilious and T. Quinton. A statistical analysis of global forest conservation. In: Iremonger, S., C. Ravilious and T. Quinton Eds. A Global Overview of Forest Conservation. Including: GIS files of forests and protected areas, version 2. CD-ROM. CIFOR and WCMC, Cambridge, U.K., 1997. Isaev, Alexander. Strategy for Conservation, Recreation, and Sustainable Use of Boreal Forests. IUCN Report, Moscow, 1996. Krever, V., E. Dinerstein, D. Olson, and L. Williams. Conserving Russia s Biological Diversity: An Analytical Framework and Initial Investment Portfolio. Washington, D.C.: World Wildlife Fund, 1994. 36
Saving Russia s Far Eastern Taiga Lebedev Anatoly, Ivan Kulunziga, and Pavel Soldatov. Major Reasons of deforestation in the Sikhote-Alin region: A Case Study of Krasnoarmeiskiy district of Primorskiy Region. Paper presented at the Underlying Causes of Deforestation Conference in Costa Rica, 1998. Miller, Elisa and Karp, Alexander. Pocket Handbook of the Russian Far East: A Reference Guide. Seattle: Russian Far East Update, 1994. Minakir, Pavel et al. The Russian Far East: An Economic Handbook. New York: Sharpe, 1994. Newell, Josh. JN Notes from the Field: Primorye, Khabarovsk, and Sakhalin Trip. Internal Report, Friends of the Earth-Japan, 1998. Newell, Josh. Russian Far East: Forests, Protected Areas, and Biodiversity Conservation. Report Notes, Friends of the Earth-Japan, 1999. These reports note and the one listed above are the source of the numerous quotes from loggers, forestry specialists, industry representatives, government and NGO officals that appear in this report. Newell, Josh and Wilson, Emma. The Russian Far East: Forests, Biodiversity Hotspots, and Industrial Developments. Tokyo: Friends of the Earth-Japan, 1996. Pryde, Philip. Environmental Management in the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Rosencranz, Armin and Scott Anthony. Siberia s Threatened Forests. Nature. Vol. 335, No. 6358-1992: 293. Sheingauz, Alexander. Forest Fires in Primorskiy and Khabarovskiy Krais, Their Causes and Consequences. Unpublished Report prepared for Institute of Global Environmental Strategies IGES, 1998. Sheingauz, Alexander S., Vladimir P. Karakin, and Vladimir A. Tyukalov. Forest Sector of the Russian Far East: A Status Report. Khabarovsk-Vladivostok, Economic Research Institute, 1996. Sparks, John, Realms of the Russian Bear A Natural History of Russia and the Central Asian Republics. Boston: Little Brown, 1992. Woodwell, George et al., Forests: What in the World Are They For? World Forests for the Future. Yale: Yale University Press, 1993. World Bank. Russian Federation Forest Policy Review. The World Bank Agriculture, Industry, and Finance Division: Washington, DC, 1996. World Rainforest Movement. Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation. World Rainforest Movement, 1998. URL: www.wrm.org.uy World Resources Institute. Climate, Biodiversity, and Forests. Washington D.C: World Resources Institute, 1998. URL: www.wri.org. See also Frontier Forests Project on web site. 37