12 1 2009 12
30 18 80 1 1 United Nations, The Road from Soldier Back to Child, Africa Recovery, vol.15, no.3 October 2001), p.10, UNICEF <http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/childsoldiers.pdf> 2009 8 28
12 1 2009 12 18 2 1989 3 NGO 4 5 1 1998 2003 6 3 3 2 2 18 38 2 15 3 15 15 18 2002 153 155 3 1949 1 2 4 143 167 5 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 (London: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2008), pp.23-24. 6 Peter W. Singer, Children at War (Berkeley and Los Angels: University of California Press, 2006), p.17.
(1) 2006 55 18 37 68 8 15 7 366 157 43 15 84 23 64 12 129 77 60 30 1980 7 9 8 17 9 1861 1865 10 7 Ibid., pp.29-30. 8 Ibid., p.10. 1994 385 391 9 1212 Singer, Children at War, pp.12-13. 10 10 10 David M. Rosen, Army of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2005), p.5.
12 1 2009 12 270 10 20 11 1991 10 12 Revolutionary United Front: RUF Armed Forces Revolutionary Council: AFRC 13 RUF 7 14 8 14 International Labour Organization: ILO 15 16 11 18 100 37.015 10 3.7 13 300 25 42 Ibid., p.5. 12 11 3 2009 13 2009 97 14 Singer, Children at War, p.15. 15 International Labour Office, Wounded Childhood: The Use of Children in Armed Conflict in Central Africa Geneva: International Labour Office, 2003), p.43. 16 <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/23/afghanistan.uknews4> 20 09 8 23
17 18 19 1980 1992 80 4 8,000 1 5,000 55 34 20 10 25 40 21 22 17 Singer, Children at War, p.26. 18 2005 120 19 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p.41. 20 Singer, Children at War, p.32. 21 Children and Armed Conflict Project, University of Alberta, Children and War: Impact, Protection and Rehabilitation (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2006), p.8. 22 Singer, Children at War, pp.33-34.
12 1 2009 12 (2) 1980 23 16 1984 12 10 1991 10 15 8,000 2003 1990 10 3 24 1998 15 2003 2005 11 10 13 25 26 2007 3 21 2007 10 17 800 2006 23 Ibid., pp.21-30. 24 Peter W. Singer, Facing Saddam s Child Soldiers, <http://br ookings.edu/papers/2003/0114iraq_singer.aspx?p=1> 2009 9 25 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, pp.179-180. 26 2008 8 8
25 100 27 2001 1978 22 18 18 1992 26 18 16 10 28 29 30 31 3 2006 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: UNAMA 27 Times of Oman <http://www.timesofoman.com/echoice. asp?detail=9391> 2009 8 20 28 35 29 FOX News <http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,286654,00. html> 2009 8 16 30 Reuters <http://www.reuters.com/article/worldnews/idussp10306620070426> 2009 8 9 31 BBC <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6731389.stm> 2009 8 21 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p.41 Singer, Children at War, p.26 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, Suicide Attacks in Afghanistan (Kabul: United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, 2007), p.41.
12 1 2009 12 32 International Security Assistance Force: ISAF 45 18 33 10 34 2007 18 35 2 2005 2006 2005 Sudan People s Liberation Army: SPLA SPLA SPLA 12 32 UNAMA, Suicide Attacks in Afghanistan, p.11. 33 247 34 Singer, Children at War, p.24. 1991 2001 Lord's Resistance Army: LRA1 4,000 5 1990 2 2 70 36 1 4,000 12 3,000 5,000 30 3 5 60 75 Ibid., pp.15, 16, 19-21. 35 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p.316.
12 36 SPLA SPLA 37 38 Janjaweed 39 (1) Peter W. Singer 3 40 36 Singer, Children at War, pp.24-25. 37 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p.316. 38 SPLA Ibid., p.316. 39 Singer, Children at War, p.24. 40 Ibid., p.38.
12 1 2009 12 2 3 3 HIV/AIDS 41 2 2 1947 AK-47 10.5 5kg 9 42 AK-47 5,000 43 AK-47 240 12 AK-47 41 Lilian Peters, War is no Child s Play: Child Soldiers from Battlefield to Playground, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Occasional Paper, no.8 (2005), p.9, 124 42 Singer, Children at War, pp.46-49. 43 Phillip Killicoat, Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202, April 2007, pp.3, 21, 23., Oliver Sprague and Hugh Griffiths, The AK-47: The World s Favourite Killing Machine (mimeo, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms and Oxfam International, 2006), p.4. <ht tp://www.controlarms.org/en/documents%20and%20files/reports/english-reports/the-ak-47-the-worlds-favouriteweapon/view> 2009 15
AK-47 1,600 600 AK-47 AK-47 44 Sandline International 45 10 12 AK-47 46 AK-47 60 19 8 3 Postmodern Warfare Mary Kaldor 47 44 Human Rights First, Investing in Tragedy: China s Money, Arms, and Politics in Sudan (New York: Human Rights First, 2008), pp.11-14. 2003 2006 5,500 90 45 BBC <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/87215.stm> 2009 9 46 30 31 47 Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), p.7.
12 1 2009 12 (2) 48 49 50 51 Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam: LTTE 48 Singer, Children at War, p.52. 49 Ibid., p.55. 50 126 51 78
52 1993 18 33 1 53 54 55 1995 LTTE 60 10 16 25 60 52 Singer, Children at War, p.55. 53 Ibid., p.15. 54 2 55 Ibid., pp.106-108.
12 1 2009 12 2005 15 14 20 14 25 50 56 18 17 53 47 46 3 57 58 3 59 18 SPLA 56 Statistic Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, The World Woman 2005: Progress in Statistic (New York: United Nations, 2006), pp.124-128. 57 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, pp.390-404 58 2001 197 59 War Child International, Child Soldiers: The Shadow of their Existence (mimeo, War Child International, 2007), p.14 <http: //cms2.warchild.nl/uploadedfiles/origineel/1182.pdf> (2009 9 3
HIV/AIDS 60 1 61 SPLA United Nations Children's Fund: UNICEF SPLA 62 63 2 (1) 2 60 HIV Human Security Centre, Human Security Report 2005 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p.131. 61 62 137 63 War Child International, Child Soldiers, p.22.
12 1 2009 12 64 B 2 Q c 2 B 2 B 3 c 2 c 3 O OQ OQ 64
2 B 3 B 2 B 1 (2) OQ 2 65 65
12 1 2009 12 U = ( a + 1) ( c + 1) 0 < α < 1 0 < γ < 1 66 α γ θ 0 < θ < 1 M = ma + θmc Λ U c M m α γ α γ 67 U = β( a + 1) a α 1 γ ( c + 1) α = ( a + 1) α γ [( a + 1) ( c + 1) ] αu = ( a + 1) U = γ ( a + 1) c α ( c + 1) γ 1 γ = ( c + 1) α γ [( a + 1) ( c + 1) ] γu = ( c + 1) 66 a+1b+1 a=0 b=0 U=0 67
2 m c U m a U θ = θ α γ θ θ γ α + = + = + 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( a c c a a c Λ Λ + + + = + + + = 1 1 1 m M c m M a θ γ α γ α θ α γ γ α (1) M γ α θ
12 1 2009 12 γ α θ γ m α γ c 4 α θ M m α θ M m 2 2 α M θ m 2 α γ 68 68
OQ B 2 (2) 69 69 Singer, Children at War, pp.140-146. 4 2003 4
12 1 2009 12 ILO 14 6.7 70 7.2 5.2 71 72 73 θ m M 70 International Labour Office, Investing in Every Child: An Economic Study of the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour (Geneva: International Labour Office, 2004), pp.4-5. 71 HIV/AIDS 2002 46 50 72 97 PTSD Singer, Children at War, pp.193-194. 73 Rachel Brett and Irma Specht, Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004), pp.15-16.
74 75 76 77 NGO OCHA UNICEF Amnesty International Human Rights Watch Oxfam 74 2003 75 Brett and Specht, Young Soldiers, pp.16-19. 76 <http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/papers/journal/0508/bs01.html> 2009 2 21 77 Daniel P. SullivanDaniel P. Sullivan, Tinder, Spark, Oxygen, and Fuel: The Mysterious Rise of the Taliban, Journal of Peace Research, vol.44, no.1 (January 2007), p. 98.
12 1 2009 12 World Vision Save the Children NGO 78 NGO 2 78 36 2 2006 12 97
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