SOV Torii : 18 Asai : : : 228 Batchelor , 1995, Naert 1958, Lindquist 1960 Refsing

Transcription

1 SOV Torii : 18 Asai : : : 228 Batchelor , 1995, Naert 1958, Lindquist 1960 Refsing 1998 Gjerdman 1926, 1992, 1993 Patrie Austerlitz 1976 Vovin Vovin 1993 Bugaeva, Anna Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In: Nicolas Tranter(ed.) The languages of Japan and Korea. London: Routledge,

2 6 Vovin 1993: : 68 Vovin 1993: language shift Refsing 1986: Refsing 1986: , Bugaeva & End

3 STV Jeloramo de Angelis Relatione del Regno di Iezo, Relatione di alcune cose, Milan, : Batchelor , , , 1954, Refsing 1986 Bugaeva 2004, * Nevskij * , Bugaeva * 2007, 2011 Pilsudski 1912 * 1976, Strong T3 1976:

4 6 Nakagawa & Bugaeva forthcoming OI Bugaeva , Nakagawa & Bugaeva forthcoming , , /p/ /t/ /k/ /c/ /s/ /r/ /m/ /n/ /w/ /y/ /h/ /ʔ/ 1 /ʔ/ 1988 /ʔ/ / / p t k ʔ s h c r m n w y /p/ /t/ /k/ p t k kap kut sik /m, n/ /r/ b d g sampe sambe kirpu kiɾbu Vovin 1993: 175 /p/ /t/ /k/ /r/ /h/ kah kuh sih utah utar /s/ s 2008: 11 /s/ : 19 /s/ 36

5 /s/ As a rule, it is not palatalized, unless it is followed or preceded by /i/. Cf. mus a fly, urayusnai the name of a village in folktales, pas to run, os after, but ine one, inutapka the name of a village in folktales, pi beach, ni pa rich man Bugaeva 2004: 11 /c/ t ts cup t up tsup /m, n/ ʤ konci konʤi /r/ ɾ r /r/ pirka piɾika kor koɾo utar utaɾa kor koɾ punkar punkaɾ Bugaeva 2004: 12 /m/ /n/ /k/ m n /w/ /y/ w j /h/ h uwekohopi Bugaeva 2004: : 13 ɦ /u/ ɸ /ʔ/ arpa sg wén. e.kot we.né.kot 2.3 o ár Bugaeva 2004: : 13 ukáomare uká omare 5 i e a o u /u/ /o/ /u/ /o/ /u/ /o/ Chamberlain 1887 Aino fairy tales Batchelor , 1995 Dobrotvorskij : : 7 /w/ /j/ : 22 37

6 6 CV C CV CVC re 3 cip ʔa sg *V *VC /c/ /h/ /ʔ/ 3 ti wi ʔuw ʔiy 2008: 14, Refsing 1986: 73 niná nína nisáp nísap ʔáp.to CVC.CV ko.tán CV.CVC sa.pá.ha CV.CV.CV nú.pe.he CV.CV.CVtére CV. CV 13 mína miina káne -re/-e/-te kú kú-re *ku-ré clitic Tamura 1970 Sandhi : 1 1 /t i-/ > /ci/ : mat-ikor > /macikor/ - 2 /r t/ > /tt/ : ku kor tasiro > /ku kot tasiro/ 1SG.A 3 /r c/ > /-tc-/ : ku kor cise > /ku kot cise/ 1SG.A 4 /r n/ > /nn/ : ku kor nonno > /ku kon nonno/ 1SG.A 38

7 5 /n s/ > /ys/ : pon sísam > /poy sísam/ : 24 6 /m w/ > /mm/ : isam wa > /isam ma/ : 24 7 /n w/ > /mm/ : an wa > /am ma/.sg 1983: 1 8 /r r/ > /nr/: ku kor rusuy > /ku kon rusuy/ 1SG.A DESID glide insertion glide formation : 5; : 13-14; 1996: 820, 833 /j/ /i/ /a, e, o, u/ 9a /w/ /u/ /a, e, o/ 9b /i/, /u/ /i/ > /j/ 10a /u/ > /w/ 10b 9 a. si-y-oka REFL-EP- AB 16 b. u-w-ekap an REC-EP- IND.S AB a. ku y-ómap <ku í-omap 1SG.S APASS- Sat 2003: 19 b. ko-w-é-peker < ko-ú-e-peker to.appl-rec-with.appl- AB 17 Sat 2003: 12 Sat 2003: O i i- si- u- 2 S/A/O eci eci opitta 2PL.A AB 17 ; *eci y-opitta 39

8 6 /i/ /u/ C V 10 1 S/A ku 2 S/A/O e O i i- e- ko- o- A a 2 S/A/O eci S/A ku 1 A ci 12 ku a / e / o / u ku apkas 13 ci a / e / o / u ci eramuan k a / e / o / u ku /u/ k ápkas c a / e / o / u ci /i/ c éramuan : ii a b c shifters d b, , : : i ii iii 3 cross-reference A 40

9 sik ku sik-ihi , ka corpok etok , , Tamura 1983b O en sam3 menoko sam-a cikuni sam 3 tan kur *kurkur utar uske he pe/p hike hi/i evidential : 92 ruw-e < haw-e < hum-i < sir-i < i ii iii iv 14b sir-pirka sir S A O A O ne 3 A O 16a 16b S O A : 36 determiners words that fill the determiner slot function to specify, identify, 41

10 6 or quantify the following noun phrase Payne 2006: i ii iii Dixon 2010: 225 tan cise cf. *tan pe/p tan pe 3.1 tu cise 2 tu-p 2 *tu pe/p -n -iw tu-n 2 iwan-iw : 261 tan tapan taan toan anaphoric/cataphoric Dixon 2010: 250 ab c d 4 b c d ne < ne ne wa an SG ne wa oka PL < ne wa an/oka.sg/pl néa SG nérok PL < ne a/rok SG/PL ikia SG ikirok PL < iki a/rok SG/PL : SV/AOV S/A/O S/A O pro-drop 2 3 A S O 2 e 2 eci 3 1 A/S ku O en 1 S A O 42

11 A/S/O A S O 1 káni ku ku en 1. cóka y ci as un 2 eani e e e 2 ecioká eci eci eci 3 sinuma Ø Ø Ø 3 oka Ø Ø Ø aoka a an i an as a eci a eci ku ci e en un i Tamura 1970: 305 existing personal pronouns can be replaced by a set of new personal pronouns but survive as verbal clitics or affixes Heine 2007: 95 2 an SG /oka PL -i/-y < hi eani SG < e an-i 2SG.A/S/O.SG-.NMLZ Bugaeva 2011a: S A O 14 a. k unu-hu Ø omke a Ø omke a 1SG.A -POSS 3.S itr 3.S itr N 130 b. réra Ø ruy 3.S KS #0762 c. káni ku mina 1SG 1SG.S OI 15 a. káni cikap ku Ø nukar 1SG 1SG.A 3.O T1 15 b. toan hekaci Ø en koyki 3.A 1SG.O T

12 6 c. eci én hotuyekar yak pirka p! 2PL.A 1SG.O T1 36 d. eci nukar rusuy kusu te ta eci hunara 1SG.A 2SG.O DESID LOC 1SG.A 2SG.O KS #0009 A O 16 a. cóka CS tu-n CC ci ne na, tu-p 1PL.EXC -.CL 1PL.EXC.A COP FIN -.CL en kor-e yan 1SG.O -CAUS IMP.POL KS #2961 b. cóka CC Ø ne 1PL.EXC 3.A COP T2 53 A O 15c d 2 1 A 2 O *ku e *ku eci *ci e *ci eci eci 2 A/S/O : 59 A \ O eci ku Ø ku i /kuy/ 1 eci ci Ø a i 2 en un e Ø e i /ey/ 2 eci-en eci un eci Ø eci i 3 Ø en Ø un Ø e Ø eci Ø Ø Ø i a e a un a e a eci a Ø a i cf. aci 17 1 S A O 17 a. neno é iki yak a e kóyki na 2SG.S IND.A 2SG.O FIN T

13 b. te ta rok an ciki pirka? LOC.PL IND.S KS #1660 aoka 17b logophoric : 74 logophoric 1 1 logophoric Bugaeva 2008a, b logophoric b 20a S/A/O Bugaeva 2008a: a suy u-nukar an ro REC- IND.S HOR AB 94 b aoka anak, kamuy renkayne, ri uske ta oka an IND TOPIC LOC.PL IND.S kusu i-sitoma ka somo a Ø ki APASS - NEG IND.A 3.O T a. aoka yaykata a Ø kar ruwe? IND IND.A 3.O INF.EV T4 381 b. ku i nukar rusuy korka 1SG.A IND.O DESID T a. aoka oya-pa suy arki an kusu ne na! sekor IND.PL -.PL IND.S COP FIN QUOT Ø haweoka kor Ø paye wa orano k Ø okaramotte-pa 3.S.PL 3.S.PL 1SG.A 3.O -PL T2 31 b. asinuma arpa an kusu ne sekor Ø hawean IND.SG.SG IND.S COP QUOT 3.S.SG T2 31 logophoric asinuma 45

14 6 1988: a A an S i O 1988: 246 asinuma paye an.pl arpa an.sg logophoric cis an, cis an kor patek an an ayne, IND.S IND.S.SG IND.S ray an ma isam ruwe ne sekor, sine menoko Ø itak.sg IND.S INF.EV COP QUOT 3.S AB logophoric logophoric Bugaeva 2008a: 51 logophoric logophoric logophoric adjuncts ta un e-un < -dat wa ani tura/turano peka ne e-un ani tura/tura-no 22 ani < ani itanki ani ani ani 22 itanki huraye hine itanki ani Ø i ko-i-puni INST 3.A IND.O to.appl-apass- OI ta un e-un wa 23 46

15 23 apa sam ta a an LOC.SG IND.S K UP a un 24b ta 25 e-un 24 a. sine-an-ta kuca or un arpa an -.SG-LOC all.sg IND.S kunak a Ø ramu kusu, IND.A 3.O K UP.010 b. kuca or ta arpa an ine inaw-roski an LOC.SG IND.S -.PL IND.S K UP ne wen-kur okkay-po eun anak-ne iteki arpa an yak pirka -DIM DAT TOP-COP PROH.SG IND.S K UP a wa 26b indefinite proper Bugaeva 2011b: a 26 a. nisat-ta tunas-no tan kotan wa k arpa kusu ne na - -ADV ABL 1SG.S.SG COP FIN KS #0053 b. hapo or-o wa a en koyki -POSS ABL IND.A 1SG.O T2 72 ta or -o 24 26b sam -a kotan 26a kim pis rep ya put 1984:

16 6 27 teeta huci T a. sísam uwepeker b. kamuy rus T2 33 A -hv / -V hv /h/ -ha/-hu/-ho/-he/-hi 29a -a ha /-u hu /-o ho /-e he /-i hi 29bw y -ehe 29c -ihi -oho/-uhu 29d ci setur-u ci setur-uhu 29a-c 29 a. ku sapa-ha b. ci setur-u(hu) 1SG.A -POSS 1SG.EXC.A -POSS c. e haw-e(he) d. kamuy Ø rus-i(hi) 2.SG.A -POSS 3.A -POSS 1988: d 28b Sat 1997: unmarked topicalization 30 aynu opitta hon-ihi kor wa okay pe ne wa man all belly- have and are thing be FP Human beings all have a belly. Sat d 28b 30 kor 48

17 31 ku Ø kor kamuy 1SG.A 3.O OI : 188 finite na / wa / so gap strategy resumptive pronouns gap strategy object of comparison Keenan & Comrie 1977 SU > DO > IO > OBL > GEN > OCOMP 32a 32b 32 a. cise soy pak-no Ø arki utar anak-ne -ADV 3.S.PL TOP.COP a Ø ahun-ke yak pirka wa IND.A 3.O.SG-caus FIN AB 95 b. Ø pirka menoko a Ø etun 3.S IND.A 3.O AB 94 A anrur Ø Ø un kamuy Ø Ø ray-ke kur 3.A 3.O 3.A 3.O.SG -CAUS KI toan-i un ku Ø nukar cise hemanta Ø an? - ALL 1SG.A 3.O 3.S.SG KS #

18 6 35 kampi a Ø e-pakasnu hekattar IND.A 3.O about.appl - KS # gap strategy 36 katkemat a Ø e-hotke usi Ø Ø kar wa IND.A 3.O at.appl 3.A 3.O Ø i kor-e 3.A IND.O -CAUS AB ani 38 tura- no 37 ani ku yupo kamuy Ø Ø tukan teppo INST 1SG.A.POSS 3.A 3.O AB 95 cf. teppo ani ku yupo kamuy Ø Ø tukan INST 1SG.A.POSS 3.A 3.O 38 tura-no ku yupo kamuy Ø Ø cotca acapo COM-ADV 1SG.A.POSS 3.A 3.O AB 96 cf. acapo tura-no ku yupo kamuy Ø Ø cotca COM-ADV 1SG.A.POSS 3.A 3.O 4.2 or -o 39 or-o resumptive pronoun Tsunoda forthcoming 39 or-o ta cep poro-n-no Ø hemesu pet -POSS LOC -EP-ADV 3.S AB 96 cf. pet or ta cep poro-n-no Ø hemesu LOC -EP-ADV 3.S 50

19 40 sara-ha Ø tanne seta -POSS 3.S OI cf. seta sara-ha Ø tanne -POSS 3.S : Matsumoto 1997 Bugaeva & Matsumoto e munin Ø hura 2SG.S 3.A.POSS N : I e-/ko-/ o- II u- yay-/si- i- III e-/ko-/o- 2 IV V VI -re/-e/-te -yar /-ar I II III 0 IV VI e- ko- o- i- yay- u- si- A e- ko- o- V -re/-e/-te -yar /-ar 1 IV

20 6 II si- V -ke -V -ke -ka -re/-e/-te VI -re/-e/-te -re/-e/-te 0 I III e- ko- o- -re/-e/-te -ka -ke, -V 2 yay- si- u- i- si- -ke a. ruska b. ko-ruska APPL- OI c. yay-ko-ruska REFL-APPL- OI d. i-ruska APASS- OI e. ko-i-ruska APPL-APASS- OI f. si-ko-i-ruska ACAUS-APPL-APASS- cf. B 453 g. i-ruska-re APASS- -CAUS OI h. ko-i-ruska-re APPL-APASS- -CAUS OI i. si-ko-i-ruska-re ACAUS-APPL-APASS- -CAUS KI1 243 j. u-ko-i-ruska REC-APPL-APASS- OI k. u-ko-i-ruska-re REC-APPL-APASS- -CAUS OI l. *u-ruska REFL- a O OI Peterson 2007: 1 salient foregrounded Peterson 1999: 61 Peterson 1999 Givón

21 e-, ko-, o- e- theme ko- o- Bugaeva 2010a: 760 Bugaeva 2010a e- ko- o- 3 proto-role 2 43a S an 43b A a ta- 43 a. casi upsor ta ahun an ruwe ne loc.sg IND.S INF.EV COP OI b. casi upsor a Ø o-ahun ruwe ne IND.A 3.O to.appl-.sg INF.EV COP OI theme 44 a. e matak-i P nea mat-ikor INST ani a Ø resu 2SG.A -POSS - INST 3.A 3.O K UP.088 b. matkaci anak-ne P nea iskar emko Ø Ø kor katkemat TOP-COP 3.A 3.O Ø Ø kor mat-ikor INST a Ø e-resu 3.A 3.O - IND.A 3.O with.appl- K UP.100 Spencer 1991: 253 e- ko- e- 45b 45 a. ainu or un iteki ikka yan PROH IMP.POL 53

22 6 KI 117 b. a e e-ikka hene a e ray-ke yak-ka IND.A 2.SG.O APPL- IND.A 2.SG.O.SG-CAUS - K UP 45b 3 i- si- 45a ikka ko- eun eun eun eun se ye ko- 46a eun- 46b eun 46 a. aynu Ø nimar-a A iskar emko Ø Ø kor nispa R eun 3.A -POSS 3.A 3.O DAT nea nispa Ø Ø kor pa p T opitta Ø Ø rura pa 3.A 3.O PL NMR 3.A 3.O PL K UP.234 b. aynurakkur kamuy a karku Ø an kusu-keray-po IND.A.POSS 3.S.SG - -DIM a Ø kor tures-i T a i R ko-rura IND.A 3.O -POSS IND.A IND.O to.appl- KI 267 Peterson 2007 Shibatani 1990: 66 e- ko- GB Baker 1988: 254 Perlmutter 1978 run work fall die internally caused verbs of change of state i 47 a. e-sik T 123 < sik 54

23 b. ko-onne < onne c. o-rer< rer ii 48 a. e-ek SG < ek SG e-san SG KI 518 < san SG e-sirepa B 133 < sirepa b. ko-ek SG < ek SG ko-hemesu< hemesu ko-hokus < hokus ko-yan< yan SG c. o-ek SG < ek SG o-hemesu< hemesu o-yan SG < yan SG iii 49 a. e-an SG T 71 < ansg e-isam T 167 < isam e-ray N1 99 < ray SG e-rok T 120 < rok PL ko-rewsi < rewsi b. o-rewsit 481< rewsi o-sirepa N 117 < sirepa Bugaeva 2010a: 787 telicity Refsing 1986: , Refsing 4/5 salient 55

24 6 2 2 i ii The causative construction generally represents a linguistic expression which denotes a complex macro-situation consisting of two micro-situations or component events: (i) the causing event in which the causer does or initiates something in order to bring about a different event (i.e. the caused event), and (ii) the caused event in which the causee carries out an action or undergoes a change of condition or state as a result of the causer s action Song (2001: 257 Nedjalkov & Silnitskij 1969: 5 A -yar/-ar S O A A O Dixon 2000: 31 -re/-e/-te -yar/-ar 4 V -V/-ke/-ka Bugaeva 2008c, 2010b-V, -ke, -ka -re/-e/-te -yar/-ar -V -a/-e/-u/-o/-i -ke -ka Bugaeva forthcoming a -V 50a 111 mos mos-o -ka 30 uhuy uhuy-ka iyunin iyunin-ka-ke 50b 10 ray ray-ke yan yan-ke -V -ka -ke -V, -ke, -ka -re/-e/-te 50c -re/-e/-te 2 50 a. or-o-wa caycaye Oc poro-n-no a Ø tuy-e -POSS-ABL -EP-ADV IND.A 3.O -CAUS 1 AB 305 b. pira hontom a Ø ran-ke kor tus S Ø tuy IND.A 3.O -CAUS 3.S T3 24 c. hat punkar Oc a e O2 tuy-e-re wa karip a Ø kar IND.A 2SG.O -CAUS 1 -CAUS 2 IND.A 3.O K UP a. arpa SG ko-arpasg ko-arpa-re vd 56

25 b. so-uk e-so-uk e-so-uk-te 2 A S Dixon and Aikhenvald 2000: 9 A S i- O i- i- hi/i 1988: a. ora-no nani úsey Ø Ø kar néa iwatarap - 3.A 3.O Ø Ø huraye a Ø Ø huraye a 3.A 3.O ITR 3.A 3.O ITR K UP.168 b. ontaro or un Ø i-huraye ALL 3.S APASS - T b 54b 53b 54b 3 ditransitive T R Malchukov Malchukov et al. 2010: 31 53b 54b Bugaeva 2011b: a. pirka us-ke T Ø ona-ha R Ø Ø ko-puni -POSS 3.A -POSS 3.A 3.O to.appl- K UP.152 b. a Ø kor ekasi R hoski-no nea okkaypo utar A IND.A 3.O -ADV PL ko-i T-puni to.appl-apass- K UP a. a sa-utar-ihi R nep ka T a Ø e-kasuy ka IND.A -PL-POSS IND.A 3.O with.appl- somo ki no NEG.AUX K UP 57

26 6 b. tokaci wa Ø ek Ø pewre kur monrayke T ABL 3.S.SG 3.S Ø Ø e-i R -kasuy wa 3.A 3.O with.appl-apass- SK 160 Bugaeva, forthcoming b ku i-ku u- object-oriented 55 Alpatov et al a'. káni anak húci ku Ø koyki 1SG TOP 1SG.A 3.O OI a". húci (káni) en koyki 1SG 1SG.O OI b. (cókay) u-koyki as 1PL.EXC REC- 1PL.EXC.S OI u- ko- uko- ue- ko- ko- 56b 56c 56a 56 a. pakoat T 507; OI b. uko-pakoat T 760; OI cf. c. ko-pakoat T 331 uko- object-oriented ninu T 419 uko-ninu 2 T 759 u- -re/-e/-te -ka mina u-mina-re OI u-tek ona u-ona-kor 58

27 sam u-sam tura u-tura yay- si- 2 yay- si- 2000: : 280 yay-pusu si-pusuyay- si- Kirikae 1994: 316 yay- self si- self 2007a: 31 In the direct reflexive (yay-), the coreferential subject participates in the activity directly, while in the indirect reflexive (si-), it participates in the activity only indirectly either in the sense that the subject does the activity only with the help of some other person or in the sense that the subject is related to the activity merely locationally yay- si- si- kasuy kasuy-re si-kasuy-re yay- Geniušienė 1987 ko-yupu yay-ko-yupu refl-to.appl- AB 47 autocausative osura yay-osura NV 93 nu yaynu refl- AB 47 si- O S si- autocausative etaye si-etaye refl- AB 47 reflexive causative si- osmak si-y-osmak T 671 si- yay- si- -ke 4 V -ke si- 57a yas- -ke -V Refsing 1986: 188 -ke 24 -ke Bugaeva 2010b 57 a. hon-i O Ø yas-a wa Ø cipor-i Ø san-ke -POSS 3.S -CAUS 3.A - 3.S -CAUS N 394 b. kotan noski wa Ø poro kem tak S Ø hopuni wa ABL 3.S 3.S.SG 59

28 6 kotan enka ta Ø yas-ke LOC 3.S -ACAUS AB O S A 3 A Hopper & Thompson 1980: 254 specificity O Mithun 1984 O 58 turep 2 turep A S 58 turep-ta as kus paye as wa poro-n-no - 1PL.EXC.S.PL 1PL.EXC -EP-ADV turep ci Ø ta wa sap as 1PL.EXC.A 3.O.PL 1PL.EXC.S ST A A O S 59 a. nis Ø en reye-re 3.A 1SG.O -CAUS ST 197 b. káni S ku nis-reye-re 1SG 1SG.S - -CAUS ST 197 S 60 61b S 60 tan-to sir-pirka siri! - - NN a. asinuma anak-ne a kema Ø pase IND TOP-COP IND.A.POSS 3.S OI 60

29 b. tane anak-ne kema-pase an pe ne kusu TOP-COP.POSS - IND.S NMR COP N 173 O a 3 64a e- ko- 64 o- 63 Bugaeva 2010a: sísam anak-ne kampi cipetpap Ø Ø e-kamuy-nomi TOP-COP 3.A 3.O with.appl- - ki p ne.aux NMR COP AB a. ar-kamuyasi or-o a Ø o-arpa ruwe ne - -POSS IND.A 3.O to.appl-.sg INF.EV COP N 20 b. kamuy-or-o-arpa an ka e-aykap korka - -to.appl-.sg IND.S of.appl-.aux K UP a. a Ø uhuy-ka pa wa cise a Ø ko-uhuy-ka pa IND.A 3.O -CAUS PL IND.A 3.O with.appl- -CAUS PL K UP b. Ø hotke kurka ta ponyaunpe a Ø cise-ko-uhuy-ka 3.S LOC IND.A 3.O -with.appl - -PL O a 65b 65 a. sut-ketusi a Ø san-ke wa, - IND.A 3.O.SG -CAUS a Ø tek-kus-pa-re wa inkar an akusu, IND.A 3.O - -PL-CAUS IND.S AB 153 b. hoski Ø ek ay a Ø si-y-oka-kus-te 3.S.SG IND.A 3.O REFL-EV - - -CAUS AB 348 sik e-sik e-sik-te vd 3 61

30 6 66 a yup-utar-i ka Ø po Oa - sir Oc -e-sik-te IND.A -PL-POSS 3.S - -by.appl- -CAUS ST2 61 O 1 65a 66 O S/A O Bugaeva forthcoming b MPI Bugaeva forthcoming b, c 70 I. a -ke b e- II. deponent i- a i- ko- b deponent i- ko- e- e-ko-/ko-e- III. a deponent e- ko- e- e- ko- b e- ko- o- c -V -ke -ka -re/-e/-te IV. a 42 ruska 3 Tsunoda 1985 Malchukov pair verb 62

31 : : a SG /rok PL PAST/PAST-PL 2. a SG /rok PL a SG /rok PL emphatic continuative 14 52a 3. aan SG / rok oká PL cf. an an Bugaeva 2004: 76 determined 4. rusuy want 15d, 19b 5. ranke repetition 6. nankor perhaps 7. nisa just finished 8. deontic easirki must : : 293 a : : 111 PAST : 61 a : 61 a a 67 a Ø roski a inaw opitta kuca or ta IND.A 3.O PERF LOC i hekota Ø hácir wa Ø okay IND.O 3.S 3.S.PL AB 187 a SG /rok PL 2007b a actional perfect 67 hácir pair verb stative perfect okere tunas eramiskari Aktionsart ka evidentiality 1988: 76 A.B. ruwe/hawe/siri/humi ne Refsing 1986: 236 A.B. 63

32 6 1996: 158 nominalizers ruwe/hawe/siri/humi-ne : : 132 3, ruwe nehawe ne siri ne humi ne 68 tokey ku Ø sak ruwe ne 1SG.A 3.O INF.EV COP ruwe KS # yaysama, Ø wen hawe ne 3.S REP.EV COP hawe KS # húci Ø ek kor Ø an siri ne 3.S.SG 3.S.SG VIS.EV COP lit. siri T eytasa Ø tópen humi ne pekor ku yay-nu 3.S NONVIS.EV 1SG.S REFL- humi T2 228 epistemic ruwe hawe : 46, 151, 184 Steever 1988 Peter Hook, pair verb h 2 wa kor híne wa an/oka.sg/pl kor an/ oka.sg/pl pair verb 1981, 2006 ye 64

33 monrayke 72a ray 72g kor 72e 72d, f monrayke 72b 72c 72h 2 72 a. tane ku monrayke kor k an ma 1SG.S 1SG.S.SG FIN ST1 195 b. *tane ku monrayke wa k an ma c. ku monrayke a 1SG.S PERF d. tu tamasay ku Ø kor wa k an ma 1SG.A 3.O 1SG.S.SG ST1 195 e. *tu tamasay ku Ø kor kor k an ma f. (isepo ) Ø ray wa Ø an 3.S.SG 3.S.SG ST1 195 g. *(isepo) Ø ray kor Ø an h. inaw k Ø asi wa Ø an ruwe ne 1SG.A 3.O.SG 3.S.SG INF.EV COP ST1 195 pair verb perfective wa isam wa kor-e 36 wa anu/ari.sg/pl wa inkar/inu 65a wa ek/arki.sg/pl wa arpa/paye.sg/pl somo 73 somo k arpa wa NEG 1SG.S.SG FIN NN 28 ki somo 65

34 6 ki somo ki ka : 239 ka 74 ku iruska ka O somo ki wa 1SG.S NEG.AUX FIN T2 239 isam cf. an/oka.sg/ PL sak cf. kor erampewtek cf. eramuan/eramuoka.sg/pl : 94, 226, A/S 75b 16a O 45a 75c yan 45a 75c 75 a. sini! OI c. rok yan! b. en siknu-re! 1SG.O -CAUS OI.PL IMP.POL! OI iteki yan 76 a. iteki utcike PROH! OI b. iteki nok Ø e yan PROH 3.O IMP.POL! pair verb : Bugaeva 2004: periphrastic imperative expressions ya ne 68 66

35 76 a. nisatta nupurpet or un e arpa ya? all 2SG.S.PL Q NN 28 b. yosiko e ne ruwe? 2SG.A COP INF.EV NN 22 hunna 77 hemanta/hńta hunak/hinak : ya : 236 ne an.sg77b ne an : a. eani hunna e Ø ko-isoytak?.sg 2SG.A 3.O to.appl- OI b. núman hunna Ø ek ruwe an? 3.S.SG INF.EV.SG T he : matci he e Ø kor rusuy tampaku he e Ø kor rusuy FOC 2.SG.A 3.O DESID FOC 2SG.A 3.O DESID T2 234 wa 20a 50c 57a/b 58 64a híne ayne 21 awa akusu/akus65a kor 20a korka 19b 63b kusu 15d 18b 24a kuni ne kor 50b yak17a yak-un ciki 17b yak-ka 45b hike hike ka pe/p ora : S O A that epistemic Frajzyngier 1995 hi/i < pe/p < kun-i -hi < - -POSS24a 67

36 6 Bugaeva 2008a: sine-p tu-p re-p íne-p asikne-p iwan-pe 6 wan-pe 10 hot-ne-p tu-p-e-san-pe 8 < 2-.cl-appl-10-.cl : 255 wan-pe e-tu-hot 30 < 10-.CL APPL-2-20 H H 262 sippo umma túki kampi sake/shake < sak-ipe - rakko shishamo < súsam 2 a 4.3 b c pair verb d 26b ko a/b pair verb wa kore 36 68

37 1, 2, 3 person indexing A transitive subject or possessor ABL ablative ACAUS anticausative ADV adverbial ALL allative APASS antipassive APPL applicative about.appl at.appl by. APPL to.appl with.appl AUX auxiliary verb C consonant CAUS causative CC copular complement CL classifier COM comitative COP copular CS copular subject DAT dative DESID desiderative DIM diminutive EP epenthetic consonant EXC exclusive EV evidentiality INF.EV inferential evidentiality REP.EV reportative evidentiality VIS.EV visual evidentiality NONVIS.EV nonvisual (sensory) evidentiality FIN/FP final particle FOC focus HOR hortative IMP imperative IND indefinite INST instrumental/instrument ITR iterative LOC locative NEG negative O transitive object O a applicative object O c causative object 69

38 6 P Patient PERF perfect PL plural POL polite POSS possessive PROH prohibitive Q question QUOT quotation R Recipient REC reciprocal REFL reflexive S intransitive subject SG singular T Theme TOP topic V vowel vi intransitive verb vt monotransitive verb 2 vd ditransitive verb Proto-Mon-Khmer Proto-Viet-Muong Proto-Wa Proto-Monic ICHL20 Munro 1962 Fitzhugh & Dubreuil , 1983a, : 7-9 Refsing I-II 4, Refsing 1986: 69 Vovin 1993: : 6 -re/-e/-te kor > ko.r-é 70

39 2008: : S A O Dixon & Aikhenvald 1997: 72 an/okasg/pl 3 impersonal passive Bugaeva 2011a26b , a Shibatani Refsing 1986: , 1997 asinuma a 3 sinuma self 1972a: 376 asinuma logophoric or or-o 26b Matsumoto yar/-ar 3 Bugaeva 2011b Kirsten Refsing : II, III, IV sociative Kazenin ke Nedjalkov, I.V. 1991: 29 kampi cipetpap ekamuynomi SK: 29 ru-ne ruwe né 2008: 26 kus-ne < kusu ne < > Bugaeva 2004: 87 * Emma Geniušienė Peter Hook pair verb Nicolas Tranter Vladimir Nedjalkov AB B Bugaeva, Anna 2004 Batchelor, John ,

40 6 H 1964 K Nakagawa Hiroshi & Anna Bugaeva (forthcoming) A web-accessible corpus of folktales of the Saru dialect of Ainu by Mrs. Kimi Kimura ( ). ELDP, SOAS, University of London. ( K UP UP 035 KI 1977 KI KS Bugaeva, Anna & End Shiho (eds.), Kurokawa Setsu (speaker) & Nathan, David (multimedia developer) (2010) N 1995 NN 1997 NV Nevskij, Nikolaj (1972) O OI , SK 1983 ST ST ST , T 1996 T T T T a I-II Nevskij, Nikolaj 1972 Ajnskij Folklor Ainu folklore Moscow: Nauka II Julie Kaizawa CD I , kor an, wa an a 5, b

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