=

2002 2594 2161 40.5 1975 32 2002 8.8 1975 5.1 3.7 15 = 1 2002 1 20 50 90 2529

4549 2 2 1975 2002 2529 3034 2 977 760 419 53.1 52.8 51.8 3 3 2002

(1) 784 535 415 411 65.5 61.5 46.1 4 4 4 1 1 30 40

2 1991 40 2 5

2.1 1995 10 61 294 2 63.9 62.0 43.2 5.0 5.3 9.6 2 1995 10 3 98.2 85.3 82.0 73.0 10 4 0.05 10

3 4 5 6 10 10 10 5 100 5 5 99.2 97.1 5

10 6 7 7 6 2 2.2 S it = 1 m (1) 2 it- f it i i f i 0 100

=1/2( 10-10 + 30-30 + 40-40 + 20-20 ) =1/20 = 0 0 S=1/2( 60-0 + 0-30 + 40-0 + 0-70 ) =1/2( 60+30+40+70) =1/2200 =100 100 S=1/2( 15-5 + 25-10 + 35-60 + 25-25 ) =1/2( 10+15+25+0 ) = 25 (1) 7 1995 27.6 40.9

52.3 27.6 61 294 52.3 7 7 3 Blau and Hendricks(1979) Mix Effect Composition EffectMix Effect Composition Effect Interaction Effect Mix Effect Composition Effect q it T it - p it T it sit = 1 2 i iq it T it ip it T it (1) MIX = 1 qi1ti2 pi1ti2 qi1ti1 pi1ti1 - - - 2 i i iqi1ti2 ipi1ti2 iqi1ti1 ipi1ti1 (2) COMP = 1 qi2ti1 pi2ti1 qi1ti1 pi1ti1 - - - 2 i i iqi2ti1 ipi2ti1 iqi1ti1 ipi1ti1 (3)

(2) Mix Effect it i it i it(=fit+mit) i it=fit/tit i it=(1-pit)=mit/tit i (2) 2 (3) Composition Effect (3) 2 Interaction Effect Mix Effect Composition Effect 2 Mix Effect Composition Effect 8 19801985 19851990 19901995 2 198085-2.23 1980 1985 26.83 24.60 2.23 8 Composition Effect 198085 80.3 =-1.79/-2.23198590 84.2(=1.12/1.33)199095 83.5(=1.42/1.70)Composition Effect Mix Effect 1980 85 85.0(=0.17/0.20)198590 63.0(=0.29/0.46)198590 111.9(=0.75/0.67)Mix Effect

(Employment Standardized Index) 2 2 2 (2) Beller(1985) 1980 S. (4) it = 1 m.. 2 it - f it i m. Mit /Tit Tit-1 100 it = i Mit /Tit Tit-1. fit = Fit /Tit Tit-1 100 Fit /Tit Tit-1 i it i it i it(=fit+mit) i it-1 1980 i 9 (4) 1980 85 90 95 1980 9

2.3 Bergmann(1974) Crowding 6 0 25 75 Lf0 25 m0 75 m0 md 0 md m0 75 md 60 f0 fd f0 25 fd 40

6 Blau, Ferber and Winkler(1998), p210 7.2 F W (5)

Filer(1989) 4 Ferber and Lowry(1976) 1992 (5) 2000 107 2000 LnW= AGE AGE TEN TEN SCH FS PART INDi+9F 6 W AGE TEN SCH 10 PART IND F F W 9 9 10 1099 100999 1000 (6) 0 0

10 11 10 11

(6) 12 13 12 1 F 13 1 5 F F F Compensated Wage Differential Hypothesis

12 13

3.1 2002 (3) (4) 223,600 336,200 10 (5) 100 66.5 33.5 14 2002 403,100 276,000 100 100 68.5 31.5 21.1 37.6 14 2002 15 30 11.3 50 100 57.2 15 16 1,000 100999 1099

35.7 30.8 16 47.8 40.4 24.3 31.0 17 17 3.2 lnw= (7)

ln (7) lnwm= (8) lnwf = X (9) m 0 (8)(9) (8) (9) lnwmlnwf = (10) (10) Oaxaca Decomposition Oaxaca1973 Oaxaca Decomposition (1991) (1997) Oaxaca Decomposition lnwmlnwf = (11) (10) (11) Oaxaca Decomposition Oaxaca and Ransom(1994) lnwmlnwf =Xm X XmX (12)

(6) (12) 3 Xm X XmX 2000 LnW= AGE AGE TEN TEN SCH FS PART (13) W AGE TEN SCH 10 PART 10 1099 100999 1000 W 0 0 18

19 (13) 0.062 0.023 6 2 18 20 19 (12) 20 5 56.5 96.5 86.1

19

20 3.3 1976 100 59.0 2002 66.5 7.5 7 1986 1999 8 100 1976 2002 1976 56.8 2002 77.9 21.1 1976 57.0 2002 5.4

3.6 1.9 7 8

30 3039 4049 1977 2002 10 3039 1 2529 30 50 25 21 21 1976 60.5 59.6 58.9 2002 2002 69.2 68.5 64.3 9 9

1977 2002 1977 53.4 2002 67.1 13.7 1977 57.8 2002 64.7 6.9 1977 2002 5.6 2.7 22 22 3.4 Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (1991) Blau and Kahn(1994) Blau and Kahn Blau and Kahn (observed-x s effect) (observed-prices effect) (gap effect) (unobserved-prices effect)

ln 14 ln 15 V 0 U ln 16 ln 17 ln ln + 18 2 1990 0 2000 1 2 + 19 14 V ln 20 V 21 0 1 (15) V

ln 22 X V 23 20 22 2 2 (22) 10 0 1 (1990 ) (2000 ) 1990 2000 0 10 10

20 22 18 ln ln + 24 25 + 26 1 (7) 1990 2000 (13) (26) 1990 2000 1998 23 1990 2000 10

3 10 23

(1) 2002 10 1 (21990 1995 10 61 294 1985 11 57 293 1980 11 57 285 (3) 5 10 71,000 6 7 130 (4) (5) 1 1 4 5 18 (6) Neumark(1988) (7) 11 11 11 0 1 30 100 30 2

11

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